tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78911726835299918272024-03-19T02:30:46.674-04:00Charismatic MicrofaunaDr. Gareth Lawsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07714852816733560944noreply@blogger.comBlogger80125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-1615378849647439212016-06-14T22:50:00.000-04:002016-06-14T22:50:16.979-04:00Armstrong Cruise - Acoutic calibration (2)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Since this is the first onboard broadband calibration for the Armstrong’s EK80, each frequency has been tested for different settings. While Andone Lavery performed the calibration, Gareth noted the calibration details. In the meantime senior acousticians, Kenneth Foote and Tim Stanton made valuable comments and contributions.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From left to right: Tim Stanton, Kenneth Foote, Gareth Lawson, Andone Lavery and Jennifer Johnson.</td></tr>
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With the new wideband echosounders the frequency response of the target sphere is also tested. There are specific frequencies where, theoretically, the sphere should produce very weak echoes (nulls) due to the phase cancellation. Since the wideband system uses the entire spectrum of the sound produced by the transducers, it is important to calibrate the full band width of each transducer and nulls observed in the expected location. This is done through comparing the observed frequency response curve relative to the theoretical curve.</div>
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The main factor determining the position of the nulls is the water density (temperature and salinity) and the material properties of the target. Andone tells a story how she struggled to get correct curve when she was doing a calibration experiment with sphere which she was initially thought that it was tungsten carbide. Her Fourier transform was not able to fit the nulls into the correct theoretical positions. But after two days of failure, she was happy to find out that the sphere was actually stainless steel. This explains the importance of the material properties in determining the backscattering properties. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Andone Lavery of the WHOI Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Lab</td></tr>
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Another logistical challenge for the calibration is to find an appropriate location. The dockside in Woods Hole is a good compromise as it is very well sheltered and deep enough for the higher frequencies. However, the downside is the presence of other targets such as fish and the water depth is shallower than the suggestion by Simrad ( 20m for 18 kHz). However, Ken and Tim indicated that the only limitation would be the range where the far field is formed. They practically calculated the nearfeld depth with the following equation: N=(2D)^2 /λ. where “N” is transition from near field to far field,” D” is the diameter of the transducer and “λ” is the wave length. This corresponds to depth convenient for 18kHz which is available at the dockside. According to Ken, the requirement to keep calibration range at such great depths was due to potential instability of the earlier, relatively primitive transducers and analog time varying gain. However with the highly precise new system there is less reason to worry about the calibration depth. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kenneth Foote ( <span style="font-size: 12.8px;">WHOI Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering) </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">, Tim Stanton </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">( </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">WHOI Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering)</span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">, Gareth Lawson (WHOI Biology Department)</span></td></tr>
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Serdar Sakinanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05452864369718203353noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-46999929575017140622016-06-13T23:00:00.000-04:002016-06-13T23:06:17.896-04:00Armstrong Cruise - Acoutic calibration (1)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A view from the acoustics lab of the R/V Neil Armstrong</td></tr>
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R/V Neil Armstrong is equipped with the cutting edge Simrad EK 80 scientific echosounder running at central frequencies of 18 kHz, 38 kHz, 70 kHz, 120 kHz and 200kHz. This echosounder, using pulse compression technique, produce frequency modulated (i.e., broadband) sound signals and can resolve targets with high precision. Thanks to high signal to noise ratio, it is capable of detecting weakly scattering zooplankton accurately with sizes as small as copepods.<br /><br />Principally, echosounders are able to produce a high resolution biological profile of the water column continuously, given the acoustic returns interpreted correctly. However, as in the case of all other remote sensing approaches, there are significant uncertainties and therefore ground-truthing is required. As a common approach, this will be performed by the stratified net sampling and optics (Video Plankton Recorder, or VPR).<br /><br />Some structures other than the living organisms are also able produce echoes such as gas bubbles and physical features (e.g. turbulence or temperature /salinity contrast). The new broadband system enables interpretation of these returns in an accurate way thanks to the very high range resolution and the frequency response information along a wide spectrum. There will be an inter-disciplinary effort among biologist, physical oceanographers and acousticians for interpretation of the acoustic data during the cruise.<div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gareth Lawson, Gordon Zhang and Andone Lavery</td></tr>
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<b>Calibration</b><br />Calibration of the echosounders is essential for the accuracy of a quantitative estimation. This is done by introducing a target to the echosounder with known target strength and stable scattering properties. Standard metal spheres are used for this purpose (generally made of tungsten carbide or copper). During calibration, the target is placed into the ensonified volume and moved around. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tungsten carbide sphere was used for the initial calibrations.</td></tr>
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The principle idea is to ensure that the echosounder is measuring what it is expected to measure. Traditionally the calibration is done to compare the amplitude of the received signal with respect to the expectation based on the transmitted signal (transducer power gain).<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">an echogram view during the calibration</td></tr>
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Calibration also involves a test for the geometry of the acoustic beam. Most modern echosounders are equipped with a split beam system which means the transducer is divided into quadrants. After the sound transmission, each of these quadrants is able to listen independently. This enables locating the exact position of the targets based on the time delay in received signal between different quadrants. This allows calculation of the angle of the target relative to the transducer. As a result, the shape of the acoustic beam (beam pattern) can be tested accurately.<br /><br />Logistics<br /><br />However, logistically, this is not an easy operation. The important task is to position this small sphere exactly below the transducer. On a huge vessel like Armstrong, this is rather difficult. But, thanks to an automated calibration system developed at the Woods Hole National Marine Fisheries Service lab, the whole process runs very smoothly. Development of this system was led by Mike Jech and the engineers working with him. <br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mike Jech</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Communication hub</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wireless communication</td></tr>
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<br />Once the hardware setup is complete, the whole process can be controlled by the software. Three electrical downriggers are connected to a main hub through wireless communication and this hub is connected to the main computer in the acoustic lab. Once the coordinates of the transducers are entered into the software relative to the sphere’s position, and unless a manual operation is desired, the software takes over the control and moves the sphere based on the desired pattern ( e.g. spiral, starshape or grid).<div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jennifer Johnson</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">operation took time a little longer than expected</td></tr>
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Jennifer, the assistant of Mike, is adjusting the length of the lines through the software. She is trying to make sure that the sphere is correctly placed below the transducers. Since this was a dockside calibration there were several obstacles that the monofilament line can get entangled in. So this operation took time a little longer than expected.<div class="MsoNormal">
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Serdar Sakinanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05452864369718203353noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-66497955270362659972016-06-12T01:56:00.000-04:002016-06-12T15:40:27.650-04:00Armstrong Cruise - Preparations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The sailing date is approaching (Friday 6/17). The biological sampling in this cruise will involve optics, acoustics and net hauls. In addition to the scientific objectives, a thorough evaluation of the sampling capabilities of the new R/V Neil Armstrong is expected. Therefore it is important to get all the instruments ready for deployment before setting out. After several pre-cruise meetings at WHOI, the preparations are getting more intense as the sailing date approaches. Gareth Lawson, the PI of the survey makes relentless efforts to make sure everything runs smoothly and in line with the calendar.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">The brand-new research vessel of the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;">Gareth describes the aim of this cruise as folows "The overall objective of this cruise is to test and evaluate the R/V Armstrong for inter-disciplinary bio-physical-acoustical research. We therefore plan to collect a variety of acoustic, biological, chemical, and physical data near the Pioneer Array and adjacent survey locations at the New England shelf break and slope. If successful this will allow us to characterize the abundance, distribution, and vertical movements of zooplankton and micronekton concurrent to observations of physical processes and chemical conditions, with particular focus on krill, meso-pelagic fish, and ichthyoplankton (i.e., larval fish)."</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption">Installation of the the MOCNESS frames</td></tr>
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For net sampling three different systems will be used including mid-water trawl and ring net and two sizes of MOCNESS. MOCNESS is a multiple zooplankton net with a remotely operated closing mechanism. This net enables stratified sampling with a real-time depth control. It also carries a CTD which provide also real-time measurements that are valuable for decision making during the sampling. The communication with the MOCNESS and data acquisition is made through the cable which is also used to haul the net. Two types of MOCNESS will be tested during the cruise: 1m<sup style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">2 </sup>opening and 10 m<sup style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">2</sup><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>opening. The large MOCNESS is particularly effective in collecting micro-nekton samples. During the first and second week of the June, these nets were installed and tested at the dock prior to embarking. Peter Wiebe, a senior scientist at WHOI, meticulously led the preparations of these net systems</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Christy and Alex are tightening the bolts.<br />
See the details in the video below.</td></tr>
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Peter worked enthusiastically during the installation of the MOCNESS and taught the essentials to Christy, Alex and Serdar. Although Alex is not joining to the cruise, he kindly helped for the installation of the 1m<sup style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.3333px;">2 </sup>MOCNESS. He used this net for collecting his Pteropods in earlier cruises (see the earlier blog posts!) that he attended for his PhD project.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Serdar Sakinanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05452864369718203353noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-1607835783330655952016-06-10T12:28:00.000-04:002016-06-11T23:42:54.563-04:00R/V Armstrong Science Verification Cruise - June 17-23, 2016<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Hi! This is Serdar, new postdoctoral fellow from Turkey. I will be contributing to the updates of this blog during the Armstrong cruise. I am in Woods Hole as of June 1st, 2016 and I will
be working with Gareth Lawson (and the
greater acoustic team here). I have a scholarship from TUBITAK (the NSF equivalent in Turkey ) for one year. My interest is on understanding the acoustic scattering properties of the zooplankton. </div>
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Different aspects of acoustics have been described earlier in this blog as a method for observing the zooplankton. I will be focusing on material properties of these organisms as a scattering parameter. Zooplankton generally found in dense layers
of swarms or aggregations. Acoustic returns from these layers are integrated to estimate the density. However, to numerically quantify these densities, the scattering potential
from single individual has to be known. Unfortunately, the small organisms like
copepods cannot be resolved individually with the fisheries echosounders. Instead, physical models can be used for estimation. For this, the body mass composition of an organism is an
important scattering parameter and are accounted for in such models (e.g. DWBA). But this
property can change from species to species as well as depending on the life stage of the
species, the season or geographical locations.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A large <i>Calanus</i> copepod. The lipid content inside a copepod can vary greatly, hence, alter its scattering properties. </td></tr>
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During this cruise I am planning to do such measurements
together with Dr. Dezhang Chu who has
great experience and personally developed techniques. This is a great chance
and it will be a valuable experience for me.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Serdar Sakinanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05452864369718203353noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-16326535633802243312014-07-09T16:55:00.002-04:002014-07-17T13:55:34.236-04:00Glass squid videoThis is a short video of a glass squid that was brought up in a MOCNESS tow from the deepest net, 800-1000 meters, on 2 September 2012 in the NE Pacific at station 7 (47.02172N 144.61145W). It got a bit damaged during the slow ride to the surface but was still alive. Notice the huge eyes, necessary for gathering light at great depths where it's pitch black.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Glass Squid in aquarium on board the RV/New Horizon<br />
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Nancy Copleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08776732691736495069noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-85592700655706374112012-09-19T00:59:00.001-04:002012-09-19T00:59:58.836-04:00Cruise Complete!<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gareth here. We arrived today in Port Hueneme, California, just north of LA. The cruise was an enormous success. We managed to survey a total of 34 stations, out of a planned 31! The success of the cruise wouldn't have been possible without the outstanding efforts of Captain Ian Lawrence and the New Horizon's crew, as well as our Scripps Institution of Oceanography Resident Technicians Meghan Donohue and John Calderwood (and Dan Schuller for Leg I), and we are very appreciative of their efforts.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wire and plastic cages in the van [Photo: P. Wiebe]</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Installing the VPR into the van [Photo: P. Wiebe]</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After a few days of packing while in transit, our gear will soon be en route for Woods Hole: a truck picked up our storage van, our ethanol-preserved samples are traveling via refrigerated truck, some frozen samples are headed via cryo-pack, and some seawater samples are being driven up to Santa Barbara for nutrient analysis. The science party will soon be dispersing, heading to their various homes.</span><br />
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Taylor Crockford, Liza Roger, Amy Maas, Leo Blanco Bercial, Nancy Copley, Aleck
Wang, Nick Tuttle, Katherine Hoering, Sophie Chu, Alex Bergan, Tom Bolmer,
Elliott Roberts, Meghan Donohue, Kelly Knorr. [Photo: John Calderwood]</span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We all feel an enormous sense of accomplishment and I am very proud of our team. A few numbers to put the magnitude of this project in perspective:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Distance we traveled: 5269 nautical miles (6063 conventional miles)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Amount of fuel we burned: 40,476 gallons</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Number of days we spent at sea: 34 days</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Approximate cost of that shiptime: Somewhere around $800,000</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Number of blog hits: 5,348</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I'll sign off for now with a very nice movie Liza Roger made of a Cavolinia uncinata. This pteropod was about 1 1/2 cm long. You can see by how it moves why they're called sea butterflies, and hopefully can see why we find these animals so charismatic.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tune in again soon for our next field effort!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwr9PZ0B7G0S5b5Lo1oSiwD5-Y-K312b0tDZUw_YrXTo7WX8-mnyR9i4EtoJPHaF_uGoH-qc3xrKkAoDxT7pw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>Dr. Gareth Lawsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07714852816733560944noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-83693874312517788372012-09-17T21:23:00.000-04:002012-09-17T21:30:22.342-04:00SEA Alumni are Everywhere!<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
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</style>On a research vessel you are bound to get scientists, crew,
engineers, and technicians from all over the world on a cruise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is this special subset of people
who sometimes come out on our research vessels, SEA Alumni.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SEA, Sea Education Association, is a
unique study abroad program operating since 1971 that combines oceanography and
traditional tall ships sailing (think of square rig or pirate ships).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is still rare to get more than one
SEA alumnus on a single cruise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Gareth and Peter, however, put together an impressive science party for
this pteropod study.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have not
one…not two…not three, but FOUR SEA alumni on this cruise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We comprise both the old and new
alumni.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We represent the following
classes Westward 28, Westward 178, and Corwith Cramer 223.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVKRF7QoL75aHOprWiegJgDxUodxCGOMjX74wTW6HVz3uHS6bnDV4SRxUrPZc-ze6l80cGziOIWSqWxw0VUV0_MrMSfI-bdlQUPU6AZjhL-gS5GaTQJcTYruMKGdd8Jv6RtwTQ7GPJp04/s1600/DSC_8333_SEA_GroupCruisePhoto_NewHorizon_16Sept2012_PHW.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVKRF7QoL75aHOprWiegJgDxUodxCGOMjX74wTW6HVz3uHS6bnDV4SRxUrPZc-ze6l80cGziOIWSqWxw0VUV0_MrMSfI-bdlQUPU6AZjhL-gS5GaTQJcTYruMKGdd8Jv6RtwTQ7GPJp04/s400/DSC_8333_SEA_GroupCruisePhoto_NewHorizon_16Sept2012_PHW.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Left to Right: Meghan Donohue (W178), Tom (W28), Katherine
Hoering (C223), and Nick Tuttle (C223) on the bow of </span><i style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">R/V New Horizon</i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> owned by Scripps Institution of Oceanography.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> [Photo: P. Wiebe]</span></span></td></tr>
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<br />
Once you've sailed with SEA you can never take the sea out of us. Katherine, Nick, and Tom all work for WHOI. Meghan works for SIO. The four of us share a very special bond allowing us to instantly trust each other's knowledge and capabilities both on deck and in the lab. For one we all know how to tie a bowline behind our back. Can you?<br />
<br />
Thanks SEA for making us lifelong oceanographers and sailors. www.sea.edu<br />
<br />
- Meghan Donohue </div>
Dr. Gareth Lawsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07714852816733560944noreply@blogger.com132tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-89455351358768633742012-09-16T22:40:00.000-04:002012-09-16T22:40:16.483-04:00Pteropods and the Arts II<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gareth here. Dedicated followers of this blog will recall that last year during the first cruise of our Ocean Acidification and Pteropods Study we had just started a collaboration with sculptor Cornelia Kubler Kavanagh. Earlier this year Cornelia's show, <a href="http://corneliakavanagh.com/future.html" target="_blank"><b>The Pteropod Project: charismatic microfauna</b></a> opened at the Blue Mountain Gallery in NYC. Cornelia carved some of our favorite shelled (thecosome) pteropods, <i>Limacina helicina</i> and <i>Limacina retroversa</i>, as well as the predatory naked (gymnosome) pteropod <i>Clione limacina</i>, which feeds exclusively on its shelled cousins. Cornelia's pieces show via her medium of sculpture how she imagines these animals might respond to the more acidic conditions of the future ocean. This is exactly what we're doing via our project, only through the 'medium' of science. For the show, our group contributed photographs, text, and some 'specimen boards' of actual pteropod shells, to complement the artwork and provide context.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Below are some photographs of the opening reception, the sculptures, and the animals that inspired them. Hopefully you find these animals as charismatic as Cornelia and we do!</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cornelia's <i>Limacina helicina</i></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEUGEfSoQ0ikNhU7wylDwRjz5Gf-FrtKB82_m-LIvdHFCCAfaou6fAKpYmyoD50WlzbhVS6ZtzHWdZakXm2KMbkQOUAdUpWtvvi89ltOvYka-M4U19T3tB5QOorhNofFTe8wqBNNVllos/s1600/LR1_LR2_LR3_0287_CoverRN.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEUGEfSoQ0ikNhU7wylDwRjz5Gf-FrtKB82_m-LIvdHFCCAfaou6fAKpYmyoD50WlzbhVS6ZtzHWdZakXm2KMbkQOUAdUpWtvvi89ltOvYka-M4U19T3tB5QOorhNofFTe8wqBNNVllos/s320/LR1_LR2_LR3_0287_CoverRN.jpg" width="255" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cornelia's <i>Limacina retroversa</i></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2__ku94iD9y-ZNrYZJc-lq7bFpw8t9MXkP0StA_euM9L_-F9K0WQpilx41otCfyzOaJe2SHgyy28lAPO7YMu_vvyvD2E9WOyCrPRZ772QACgZXLlFvkFRDM6se_tYUvoCF4RRPPpkyqg/s1600/IMG_0705.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2__ku94iD9y-ZNrYZJc-lq7bFpw8t9MXkP0StA_euM9L_-F9K0WQpilx41otCfyzOaJe2SHgyy28lAPO7YMu_vvyvD2E9WOyCrPRZ772QACgZXLlFvkFRDM6se_tYUvoCF4RRPPpkyqg/s640/IMG_0705.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Pteropod Project at Blue Mountain Gallery [Photo: D. Allison]</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbQCc9Ii8crh5-N6HyCUIrncWmtiembrZtuLbyHmACGiXuPWfpl0f_fl5hf-h6eXrjSl22hh56uxglE0etosWGqmWMPt1T9FDl3PRl7umTOofG5HnIsc5kymSmrjjVxZPMdyNL4cZYAaY/s1600/IMG_0708.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbQCc9Ii8crh5-N6HyCUIrncWmtiembrZtuLbyHmACGiXuPWfpl0f_fl5hf-h6eXrjSl22hh56uxglE0etosWGqmWMPt1T9FDl3PRl7umTOofG5HnIsc5kymSmrjjVxZPMdyNL4cZYAaY/s400/IMG_0708.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cornelia's <i>Limacina retroversa </i>installed in Blue Mountain Gallery [Photo: D. Allison]</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpfPVxAGTxfnLKzDjXLTHgaAxZU9QOyTAhHvTajU1SMjBk_o5Tby40lUiKtA1iOn_P16MGD6apUz0BKdbp6RbLhkSaT3G5TKTBvR71fm-8WyGA2ta9LGkqZbeECAmSDPm5RxmFRp03rZo/s1600/canon5d_2012+185.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpfPVxAGTxfnLKzDjXLTHgaAxZU9QOyTAhHvTajU1SMjBk_o5Tby40lUiKtA1iOn_P16MGD6apUz0BKdbp6RbLhkSaT3G5TKTBvR71fm-8WyGA2ta9LGkqZbeECAmSDPm5RxmFRp03rZo/s400/canon5d_2012+185.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Opening reception. Left to right: Nicole Smith, Gareth Lawson, Nancy Copley, Cornelia Kavanagh, Unknown gallery visitor. [Photo: R. Schmitt]</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRNqcw40TgmtG6h9EBRguRD4BNUdjo5PBZNhdMsAkmI2APIcrDVWpiRP_YlU0fpwWrl8BpsAchVOaUB7xe6gsM2RmVYV73RZVH_17LEP_2wWqpIFyMWSHLnUbYP2spKAIrE7iCvdGbomo/s1600/canon5d_2012+222.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRNqcw40TgmtG6h9EBRguRD4BNUdjo5PBZNhdMsAkmI2APIcrDVWpiRP_YlU0fpwWrl8BpsAchVOaUB7xe6gsM2RmVYV73RZVH_17LEP_2wWqpIFyMWSHLnUbYP2spKAIrE7iCvdGbomo/s400/canon5d_2012+222.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Opening reception, <i>Clione limacina</i> in foreground [Photo: R. Schmitt]</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-oLYlAJ9nW_FAFUycTyOHKXxXxwoPFwmqBBaNNcb6gemc6mPpRAUJ-0XTnDM9hVYRqhcY0lqbYuNsAAvXFFEt9_kI48w23iNQfpAPKQTAIRz3hwxlZIO9UURhG87QH94OGJMkE7McnfA/s1600/specimenbds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-oLYlAJ9nW_FAFUycTyOHKXxXxwoPFwmqBBaNNcb6gemc6mPpRAUJ-0XTnDM9hVYRqhcY0lqbYuNsAAvXFFEt9_kI48w23iNQfpAPKQTAIRz3hwxlZIO9UURhG87QH94OGJMkE7McnfA/s320/specimenbds.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of the specimen boards (with magnifying glass) our group provided for the show [Photo: G. Lawson]</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxpQJwOwqNI_VxH71WsBr2PpuK4TrQst3kKbH1deJ5aME56yjO1u58fUSFon4_aqklp0RStDz0EmmudNRgIccnFqYPF2W1puTqBfbeibzPbat5oZCaWcNDLwR6OOPlEg-ld-ee44aTgQA/s1600/helicina3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxpQJwOwqNI_VxH71WsBr2PpuK4TrQst3kKbH1deJ5aME56yjO1u58fUSFon4_aqklp0RStDz0EmmudNRgIccnFqYPF2W1puTqBfbeibzPbat5oZCaWcNDLwR6OOPlEg-ld-ee44aTgQA/s400/helicina3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Limacina helicina </i>sampled during our cruise [Photo: L. Roger</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhdoZbFCswuL04xYVcYnlkOY8Ki50E2xexzcHFAtz7QNBxBc0_bFP75-iA39pPL14SqNCSGJhOIDcsQ8x6zQg1IUW8MotHC0BjDlAkSx_O_dykfHuE4TIC_FzPb6P7oJ6S2cH8yahkdjQ/s1600/clione1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhdoZbFCswuL04xYVcYnlkOY8Ki50E2xexzcHFAtz7QNBxBc0_bFP75-iA39pPL14SqNCSGJhOIDcsQ8x6zQg1IUW8MotHC0BjDlAkSx_O_dykfHuE4TIC_FzPb6P7oJ6S2cH8yahkdjQ/s400/clione1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td class="tr-caption"><i>Clione limacina</i> sampled during our cruise [Photo: L. Roger]</td></tr>
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Dr. Gareth Lawsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07714852816733560944noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-18548497803196367922012-09-15T23:25:00.000-04:002012-09-15T23:34:03.561-04:00Where Do the Data Go?<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
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Oceanographers normally collect large amounts of data in the course of the work at sea. In the background on most academic research vessels are the sensors deployed to measure meteorological conditions (wind speed and direction, air temperature and barometric pressure, humidity and precipitation, and long and short wave solar radiation) and sea surface conditions (seawater temperature, salinity, and fluorescence) continuously as the ship moves along the trackline from the time it leaves port to when it returns.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXACeyYODBz4ACWTXgTjbyhg-n5hE4hrxwPB7XOR685Zk5Nu81WgyUBnTbCiMZWCLLrVmu53bzX6eWb9PLCm8bmmLHkfSiSfNs_xz0m06tj0pJ7UwF2i-TSUfpYhf8kT817i3zvOjLxvk/s1600/DSC_8296_MET_NewHorizon_15Sept2012_GL_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXACeyYODBz4ACWTXgTjbyhg-n5hE4hrxwPB7XOR685Zk5Nu81WgyUBnTbCiMZWCLLrVmu53bzX6eWb9PLCm8bmmLHkfSiSfNs_xz0m06tj0pJ7UwF2i-TSUfpYhf8kT817i3zvOjLxvk/s400/DSC_8296_MET_NewHorizon_15Sept2012_GL_sm.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The New Horizon's bridge and above it the meteorological sensors. Note the two anemometers on either side, presently measuring winds of 19 knots and out of a direction of 318 degrees relative to the vessel. After correcting for the ship's speed and heading, this corresponds to a true wind speed of 14 knots out of 21 degrees (i.e., just east of north) [Photo: G. Lawson]</td></tr>
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On our cruise, additional data
are collected continuously by acoustic transducers attached to the hull of the
ship to measure backscattering at various frequencies (an indicator of plankton
and nekton living in the water column). A hose mounted on the bow pulls in air
to measure the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and the water from the
uncontaminated seawater line is used to measure pCO2, Dissolved Inorganic
Carbon (DIC), and pH continuously. At stations, more data are collected by the
instruments deployed over the side of the ship.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The CTD/rosette with the Video Plankton Recorder attached
deployed to 1000 m, or the CTD/rosette deployed to 3000 m collects pressure,
temperature, salinity, fluorescence, oxygen, and light transmission data, and
hundreds of Gigabytes of video pictures of plankton. The MOCNESS towed to 1000 m, measures pressure,
temperature, and salinity while collecting zooplankton in 8 depth strata
between 1000 m and the surface on the up-portion of the tow, and the HammarHead
towed body collects broad-band acoustics data as well as pressure, temperature,
salinity, and fluorescence at selected depths. The Reeve Net, used to collect
animals for live work and other experimental purposes, also has a time-depth
recorder to provide a record of the tow.</div>
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In the lab on the ship more
experimental data are generated in the analysis of the water samples from the
Niskin bottles on the rosette that go to depth open and are closed at specific depths
on the way back to the surface. These include pH, alkalinity, nutrients
(phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite), pCO2, DIC, and Dissolved Organic Carbon
(DOC).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Furthermore, on board,
there are the data being generated from physiological, morphological, and
genetic studies being conducted on the pteropods.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In order to keep track of
all of the data being collected, an electronic event log (E-Log) is kept that records
the beginning and end of every over the side deployment of the instruments
including the instrument name,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>time, ship position, depth of the cast, water depth, station number,
transect number, and person responsible. On this cruise we have an IPad that
can be taken around the ship to where events are happening and used to <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7891172683529991827" name="_GoBack"></a>log the event via a wireless connection to the main event log server. The total amount
of data can be in the 100’s of megabytes to a few terabytes, by the time the
cruise ends. So what happens to all of these data sets at the end of the cruise
and some which are not produced until samples get back to the laboratory for
further analyses?</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqyd2lKKdDL0-GyCtnOqdccCAjmDmTYbEnpnKeVmoHXFiwPltw6toxpuwCOv1fuAHVARtAQn1RWFB5Qzx_N-w3nIMkZIzWr72Vms_YCueSBUaThqStftQIzRQhmd7aE1tJ7B3FnjAerj8/s1600/ELOG_screen_Shot_11Sept2012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqyd2lKKdDL0-GyCtnOqdccCAjmDmTYbEnpnKeVmoHXFiwPltw6toxpuwCOv1fuAHVARtAQn1RWFB5Qzx_N-w3nIMkZIzWr72Vms_YCueSBUaThqStftQIzRQhmd7aE1tJ7B3FnjAerj8/s400/ELOG_screen_Shot_11Sept2012.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The electronic event logger. This is a web browser-based application running from a server on the ship that can be accessed by any computer on the ship's network. We use it to keep track of when and where each event (e.g., instrument deployments, the ship arriving on station, etc) occurs. This is key to later data analysis.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZk-7E7OAa1H8J3N5M1RvNt4eEVJ1G6Uf7O0rhp8owKk1Y3F8RFZQXl_R7E8otb8YMCVBGyhSE5rsrEmvGlUaK0gsQbMJBU9MLUF656l6v6ICLUZWwOEESaumdZAmpWYiCTX4lPi7w6iw/s1600/DSC_8186_CTD_Recovery_Gareth_IPAD_Eloger_NewHorizon_11Sept2012_PHW_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZk-7E7OAa1H8J3N5M1RvNt4eEVJ1G6Uf7O0rhp8owKk1Y3F8RFZQXl_R7E8otb8YMCVBGyhSE5rsrEmvGlUaK0gsQbMJBU9MLUF656l6v6ICLUZWwOEESaumdZAmpWYiCTX4lPi7w6iw/s400/DSC_8186_CTD_Recovery_Gareth_IPAD_Eloger_NewHorizon_11Sept2012_PHW_sm.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gareth Lawson using the IPad to enter a CTD recovery into the E-Log [Photo: P. Wiebe]</span></td></tr>
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The answer is that the research funds come with a requirement for data
sharing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since this cruise has
been funded by the biological oceanography section at the National Science
Foundation (NSF), the data must be submitted to an official data repository and
made publically available within a two year time period or sooner if possible.
The repository these data will be submitted to is the Biological and Chemical
Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO.org) located in Woods Hole, MA.
The BCO-DMO has a mandate to serve principal investigators funded by the NSF
Geosciences Directorate (GEO), Division of Ocean Sciences (OCE) Biological and Chemical
Oceanography Programs, and Office of Polar Programs (OPP) Antarctic Sciences
(ANT) Organisms & Ecosystems Program. The BCO-DMO manages a repository
where marine biogeochemical and ecological data and information developed in
the course of scientific research can easily be stored, protected, and
disseminated on short and intermediate time-frames. Ultimately the data will be
sent to permanent archives like the National Oceanographic Data Center.</div>
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The data (and metadata) in the BCO-DMO repository are readily available
to anyone with a computer and web browser via the internet. They are available
either in a text-based format or in a graphical map-server form. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anyone reading this blog can go to the
<a href="http://bco-dmo.org/" target="_blank">BCO-DMO web site</a> and locate data from this cruise (once they are submitted) or
other cruises.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is important to
remember that using other peoples data requires informing them if you intend to
use them for some reason.</div>
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<b>Researcher's End Game</b></div>
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When all is said and done<br />
And we are long since gone<br />
What will remain to be distributed<br />
Are the data we contributed<br />
With digital identifiers assigned<br />
And our names clearly defined<br />
Our work will be on-line<br />
Until the end-of-time.<br />
<i>- PHW 16 June 2008</i></div>
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- Peter Wiebe</div>
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Dr. Gareth Lawsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07714852816733560944noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-18781144644356268682012-09-15T00:42:00.001-04:002012-09-15T00:42:31.042-04:00Pteropod Assemblages<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In all ecosystems, whether terrestrial or marine, species combine to form assemblages. These assemblages are often specific to various environmental conditions at work in that ecosystem and so as you cross from one ecosystem to another the species assemblage changes. Although the ocean might seem like one big ecosystem made of water, this conception is wrong. The ocean is made of many different ecosystems, each characterized by different parameters such as seawater temperature, salinity, currents...even the exchanges with the atmosphere that occur at the surface can affect the species assemblages.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">I described in a <a href="http://funwithkrill.blogspot.com/2012/08/she-studies-seashells.html" target="_blank">previous post</a> how I am out here preserving pteropods for my dissertation work on the structure of pteropod shells. As a preliminary analysis, I decided to plot the number of shells of each species I have preserved so far to see if any assemblages are obvious along the geographical gradient of the first three survey lines (aka transects) we have sailed along. I quickly plotted the numbers of shells sampled at eight 'test stations' along our survey transect 0 (the first run from Newport to the study region) and transect 3 (the second transit out from Newport).</span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwZ9oqtaiwjQKtxzis_JnextGmMKVNuBw2jdUK4w5VZ3_LFgWFD-dgBwGR4JdtbRovDiWDWVESSXNfQ0JkIxsOJpUw8tvR5zXYHg-lqb1UDCxm7emlyjuZermMWzmcIttsusRnqLyhoIM/s1600/MAP1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwZ9oqtaiwjQKtxzis_JnextGmMKVNuBw2jdUK4w5VZ3_LFgWFD-dgBwGR4JdtbRovDiWDWVESSXNfQ0JkIxsOJpUw8tvR5zXYHg-lqb1UDCxm7emlyjuZermMWzmcIttsusRnqLyhoIM/s400/MAP1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map showing sea surface temperature (in color) and the location of our sampling stations. The regularly-spaced stations extending from 50N 150W to 35N 135W are our main study region. We also conducted a series of 'test' stations during our transit to the study region, which are the less regularly-spaced stations that together make a line from the survey start to Newport, Oregon, our port of departure.</td></tr>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">At each of these stations we sampled with the Reeve net, and caught a few different pteropod species, including</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <i>Limacina helicina helicina </i>forma<i> pacifica</i>, <i>Limacina helicina helicina </i>forma<i> acuta</i>, <i>Clio pyramidata</i> and one more species labelled below 'AB'. To help you decode this, in </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i>Limacina helicina helicina </i>forma<i> pacifica</i>, <i>Limacina</i> is the genus, <i>helicina</i> is the species, the second <i>helicina</i> indicates the sub-species, and <i>pacifica</i> denotes the forma. Formae describe sub-groups within a species where </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the individuals
can be subdivided morphologically and geographically into several
related groups that overlap and interbreed.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The morphological difference between <i>pacifica</i> and <i>acuta</i> are easily seen in the pictures below. <i>Acuta</i> is high-whorled, with distinct regular striations on each whorl; <i>pacifica</i> is low-whorled, without striations</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">. These two formae have been found to cross-breed. </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In the graphs below I've grouped </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">under the label 'AB' all the <i>Limacina helicina helicina</i> shells that do not fit in the forma <i>pacifica</i> or <i>acuta</i>. 'AB'
individuals can be a combination of any of the features of acuta or
pacifica: low-whorled with regular strations/with irregular striations,
high-whorled without stration/with irregular strations. </span></span><br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtMvH2ezbzgrkuRVNDqqpMo3alLG9gwsqM7lGwQee3lNmTFUkg23TVW0yerp3VZZMg75x-33kiBHyQ1MvZLVUhsU2JCCmyZsT7j84MSu63SMIWQyzMnIDBvBdwrLqPH1XRsuaONtsd1iY/s1600/picture2sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtMvH2ezbzgrkuRVNDqqpMo3alLG9gwsqM7lGwQee3lNmTFUkg23TVW0yerp3VZZMg75x-33kiBHyQ1MvZLVUhsU2JCCmyZsT7j84MSu63SMIWQyzMnIDBvBdwrLqPH1XRsuaONtsd1iY/s320/picture2sm.jpg" width="257" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Forma <i>acuta</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOQqQYDStoD0kPm0zC5IBdtEFr9t6w4_ifUYMT2RTOauSZBYvzZrI_OmVuhck-gXQN9X4_POWjA7isRWu4Xb0I71QnViwF3on6qXfgJDO7hbAf6mOt8HKZjRiBLpl71GZ_V07VfkZb9Ro/s1600/picture1sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOQqQYDStoD0kPm0zC5IBdtEFr9t6w4_ifUYMT2RTOauSZBYvzZrI_OmVuhck-gXQN9X4_POWjA7isRWu4Xb0I71QnViwF3on6qXfgJDO7hbAf6mOt8HKZjRiBLpl71GZ_V07VfkZb9Ro/s320/picture1sm.jpg" width="212" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Forma <i>pacifica</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Clio pyramidata has a totally different shell morphology.</span></span><br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7hvC-8csEVNyP_9LRKSUyKrHZ07gIe_smwuOLTcFt9w7M_Jv0a9CKd19hb9xilhkJSRBpGMJVSJEpmh3THoplS2bkcXZW0OvUt5a_Qsb3wxCSZz-54DZOfX0tWIp5oOQzd2vgV2orPAk/s1600/picture3sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7hvC-8csEVNyP_9LRKSUyKrHZ07gIe_smwuOLTcFt9w7M_Jv0a9CKd19hb9xilhkJSRBpGMJVSJEpmh3THoplS2bkcXZW0OvUt5a_Qsb3wxCSZz-54DZOfX0tWIp5oOQzd2vgV2orPAk/s320/picture3sm.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Clio pyramidata</i> shell</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">So, here are the graphs...</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidxTALODeZI8vyZ8IIv9cvaLVAY3iur_UB7ePCobQ8MarNKN05ql49azLxrd1-HhWMwxhoUaeFr4aa9gx93QYRkypzuhzUqVmCx6F4aAcpwppJySBshnadbUYMRMxM4x8CGwpZ0NJmz9A/s1600/graph1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidxTALODeZI8vyZ8IIv9cvaLVAY3iur_UB7ePCobQ8MarNKN05ql49azLxrd1-HhWMwxhoUaeFr4aa9gx93QYRkypzuhzUqVmCx6F4aAcpwppJySBshnadbUYMRMxM4x8CGwpZ0NJmz9A/s320/graph1.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBN410r94O2Wj0a7qKy_U6D3xo-wCCHVu87Up9F9kCNxHwcf6s9b4CzV_vYi4rp96cmsW9Y_OqI6EuBzcExArFHWxjELgeCFs_8OYcsgu6gCtEiXxgE67XhDXRsNr9Lmwx-1kr6-PJTQg/s1600/graph2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBN410r94O2Wj0a7qKy_U6D3xo-wCCHVu87Up9F9kCNxHwcf6s9b4CzV_vYi4rp96cmsW9Y_OqI6EuBzcExArFHWxjELgeCFs_8OYcsgu6gCtEiXxgE67XhDXRsNr9Lmwx-1kr6-PJTQg/s320/graph2.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can you see a pattern? Here are a few hints:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Compare test stations 05 and 02</span><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Compare test stations 06 and 03</span><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Compare test stations 07 and 04</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">If you look back at the map you can see the location of each station. Based on the changes in the composition (%) of the catch we can draw a range for each of the three species plotted here, along a geographical gradient going from southeast to northwest. Here is a new map to help you visualize where we crossed into the range of each species.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8dmeFkxTxO48szPv_gpLYDpeOD6UZ_rtBWqqMj-7TAT7l_hpQGuX2X1VkwpDwPT0nB0B55cvZ7owQzc2yY3fUoCeRtRujTjLFT4WrXD279ssao45UssyvrYd1gPrUqMPZ3mh6eI2CYaw/s1600/MAP2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8dmeFkxTxO48szPv_gpLYDpeOD6UZ_rtBWqqMj-7TAT7l_hpQGuX2X1VkwpDwPT0nB0B55cvZ7owQzc2yY3fUoCeRtRujTjLFT4WrXD279ssao45UssyvrYd1gPrUqMPZ3mh6eI2CYaw/s400/MAP2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map showing the relative abundance of the different pteropod species sampled.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">We entered the range of <i>Clio pyramidata</i> near test stations 04 and 07. The <i>pacifica</i> forma of <i>Limacina helicina helicina</i> was present at test stations 02, 05, 03 and 06, with highest abundance at 06 and lowest at 03. This indicates that while we were deep inside its range at T06 we were only on the edge of it at T03. A very sharp change in the abundance could be explained by environmental parameters (seawater temperature, salinity etc).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Test station 08 was totally within the range of <i>Limacina helicina helicina</i> forma <i>acuta</i> but no other species or formae were seen there. With <i>acuta</i> being present at every test station we can presume its geographical range is much bigger than that of the other species or formae presented here. From the colors in the background of the map (representing the sea surface temperature) we can also see this forma prefers colder temperatures.</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Well, I hope this has given you a better idea of what we are seeing here. These analyses are very preliminary but already interesting. We hope the MOCNESS depth-stratified samples will help us further determine the species range with regards to geography, bathymetry, and seawater chemistry. Stay tuned!</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">That's all folks!</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Liza Roger </span></span>Dr. Gareth Lawsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07714852816733560944noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-69116951063237322512012-09-14T00:54:00.000-04:002012-09-14T00:54:15.210-04:00Arts and Crafts at Sea<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Interspersed with deployments, sampling, and data processing, the scientists and crew have been decorating Styrofoam cups to be sent to great depths in the ocean. This is a common tradition among oceanographers and something that is well planned before we leave home -- we make sure to bring numerous cups, sharpies, and mesh bags. In addition, some people bring cups from home that have been colored weeks in advance by friends and family. Yes, we are that serious about this activity!</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg47FaG4DawBuha9b3azsfNuDK9QIweZ7GUjWsmSKIk_yqfq6rHNSe9DJcj4L7P54Z6ht8LEo_ftVkyAtdQ4gnWSUJBmA1yKrLmtps73YhauZeo9a_F57xKUNH16Zkj-jkLC37agBp4Mlc/s1600/Cup_sc_small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg47FaG4DawBuha9b3azsfNuDK9QIweZ7GUjWsmSKIk_yqfq6rHNSe9DJcj4L7P54Z6ht8LEo_ftVkyAtdQ4gnWSUJBmA1yKrLmtps73YhauZeo9a_F57xKUNH16Zkj-jkLC37agBp4Mlc/s200/Cup_sc_small.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sophie coloring</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVLVZhGGhjNZodlplyvOiw2mBiAd89U9k4SqUzX-6zL_QbccBwaM3IkwAptIBSxejpcPIEZfl5x15gD0THwJ5OI1sr4Yz98ECLXGapzXv6uHnElSBXEHHIgFYLR3dAsfQIqMRLXrOHkSo/s1600/Cups_preshrunk_small.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVLVZhGGhjNZodlplyvOiw2mBiAd89U9k4SqUzX-6zL_QbccBwaM3IkwAptIBSxejpcPIEZfl5x15gD0THwJ5OI1sr4Yz98ECLXGapzXv6uHnElSBXEHHIgFYLR3dAsfQIqMRLXrOHkSo/s200/Cups_preshrunk_small.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">Colored cups ready for deployment</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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The cups are placed in a mesh bag that is then zip tied onto the CTD rosette frame and lowered to 3000m (that’s almost 2 miles below the surface!!!).</div>
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<tr style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cups in the bag before deployment</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJaMAU5mQQf3OKbLjjysxQ8MssoVyW7Acf7pkuwQhIEdL4R7f2ls2vqPQrAIomoxQ28JkJ3ntjlS9JwklfgBmzeAvQjYOquU8weg6diQCjqLti1iaEP_RRFmFXAAQ_YoMJf3BV2nf9Os0/s1600/Cups-CTD_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJaMAU5mQQf3OKbLjjysxQ8MssoVyW7Acf7pkuwQhIEdL4R7f2ls2vqPQrAIomoxQ28JkJ3ntjlS9JwklfgBmzeAvQjYOquU8weg6diQCjqLti1iaEP_RRFmFXAAQ_YoMJf3BV2nf9Os0/s200/Cups-CTD_sm.jpg" width="133" /></a></td></tr>
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Pressure increases with depth and forces the air out of
the Styrofoam and thus the cups shrink. Shapes and text are deformed and
distorted as a once 4 inch tall cup becomes a mere 2 inches!<br />
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<tr style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Shrunken cups that completed the journey</td></tr>
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<tr style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Shrunken cup</td></tr>
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With good luck, the cups make the entire 3 hour journey down and back up again. Cups are generally decorated with cruise information and serve as a unique souvenir from our journey.<br />
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- Katherine Hoering <br />
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Katherine Hoeringhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00696895699702569196noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-57187294316533878682012-09-13T02:12:00.000-04:002012-09-15T23:05:28.935-04:00The Sea Butterfly Effect<style>
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Gareth here, following up on Aleck’s post yesterday about
the differences in seawater chemistry his group has been seeing in the
measurements they’re making on our current cruise vs. what they measured last
year on our cruise to similar latitudes in the Atlantic.</div>
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Like Aleck said, our Ocean Acidification Pteropod Study
capitalizes on the fact that the chemistry of these two oceans is naturally
very different. As Aleck’s data show, the 'compensation depth' at which the
water becomes corrosive to aragonite, the particular form of calcium carbonate
that is found in the pteropod shell, is much shallower in the Pacific than the
Atlantic. At the northernmost point
of our surveys, Aleck’s graphs show that the aragonite compensation depth in
the Atlantic was 2500m and in the Pacific was 135m! And as we move southwards
along our Pacific transect, the compensation depth is becoming gradually
deeper.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSkvn2eoTIrC3N8OEtTPbd53T0jq6FbfOPMVNw-ipG6uY8daNnv-HOPRvN6FT50bbCR7SvvM22VkynlQ7Pz1ctZdEc4ZSbpF0WsJCJb6Z0xn3N_PMJfQ5YhoRdiViMlkv3iufoTEEg2TM/s1600/Lawson_Fellows_Sept2011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSkvn2eoTIrC3N8OEtTPbd53T0jq6FbfOPMVNw-ipG6uY8daNnv-HOPRvN6FT50bbCR7SvvM22VkynlQ7Pz1ctZdEc4ZSbpF0WsJCJb6Z0xn3N_PMJfQ5YhoRdiViMlkv3iufoTEEg2TM/s400/Lawson_Fellows_Sept2011.jpg" width="357" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Schematic of pteropod diel vertical migrations: shallow at night to eat and deep during the day to avoid being eaten!</td></tr>
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So the question for us biologists onboard is how these
differences in chemistry between and within oceans affects pteropods and their
aragonitic shells. Many species of pteropod undergo vertical migrations of
hundreds of meters between day and night, migrating up into shallow waters by
night to feed and back down to depth by day to avoid predators that use vision
to hunt. By sampling with our MOCNESS net system at different depth intervals
during day and night we can infer whether the pteropods are migrating
vertically and over what depth range.</div>
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A key question is whether the pteropods' vertical migratory
behavior changes when the compensation depth is shallow vs. deep, and if not,
how they are able to cope with pH levels that should be corrosive to their
shell. In addition to capitalizing on differences between the oceans in
seawater chemistry, we can capitalize on the fact that many of the same species
of pteropod occur in both oceans. We found <i>Clio pyramidata</i>, for instance, along
much of our Atlantic survey line, and so far along most of our Pacific line
too. It’s not entirely clear whether these Atlantic and Pacific versions are
sub-species or perhaps genetically distinct species that just morphologically
appear very similar (that’s something we’ll be testing with our genetic
collaborators), but being able to compare essentially the same species in such
very different chemical environments is very powerful.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2DM25qGzI8AjBARfm-eqpYXZWvqXBNQsSAoYozFcqUu3Z77dmryp37bp_NoVbkMac7wW_8ABiajglcXALBk3uj-iaFVryzrBVOUuXutrQVmjOL9kMk6hk-qty8uRYAV2EoxDjxUpn5II/s1600/2012_08_14_2390-ghij.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2DM25qGzI8AjBARfm-eqpYXZWvqXBNQsSAoYozFcqUu3Z77dmryp37bp_NoVbkMac7wW_8ABiajglcXALBk3uj-iaFVryzrBVOUuXutrQVmjOL9kMk6hk-qty8uRYAV2EoxDjxUpn5II/s320/2012_08_14_2390-ghij.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Clio pyramidata</i> (Photo: N. Copley)</td></tr>
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Last year in the Atlantic we caught a variety of species and
life stages of pteropods. Many of these exhibited a diel vertical migration and
we caught pteropods all the way down to the maximum depth we sampled of 1000m.
As is the case for many types of organisms, the diversity of pteropod species
was highest but at low abundance in the southern, sub-tropical, portion of the
survey area in the low productivity waters of the Sargasso, while diversity was
lower but abundance high in the colder and more productive temperate waters
north of the Gulf Stream and offshore of the Grand Banks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s too early to say how our results
from the current cruise compare to what we saw in the Atlantic, but we hope to report back soon!</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Survey line for our 2011 cruise to the northwest Atlantic</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In coming decades, the
aragonite compensation depth is predicted to shoal substantially. Our hope is
that by comparing how pteropods respond to these natural levels of variation in
compensation depth that we're quantifying in the modern ocean we can gain
insight into how they might respond to the changing </span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">chemistry of the future ocean.</span></div>
Dr. Gareth Lawsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07714852816733560944noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-85105442663240160302012-09-12T06:26:00.000-04:002012-09-12T20:09:49.433-04:00Seawater Chemistry: North Atlantic vs. North Pacific Ocean<!--[if !mso]>
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This is Aleck Wang. I’m leading the chemistry group (Photo
1) during the cruise. We are in charge of measurements of seawater carbonate chemistry
during this cruise. The seawater carbonate system can be characterized by four
primary parameters: pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>), total carbon dioxide
(TCO<sub>2</sub>), and total alkalinity (TA). We measured all of them. As a
comparison, we also made similar measurements during a sister cruise last year
in the North Atlantic Ocean at similar latitudes.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9k7l8w-j2gR2wUGUnzG6bbVwFaHMZHe_823iXJ2Nf0TOxn9hsMgTiOGEJe-2tWvtDQbIKSPlwfP78og8tj9mDR0RfMLwEphIjImNjz3ieQgq4xXx8dZaPMWXEnPIYSiFD95jHgcZYRXyw/s1600/DSC_2482a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9k7l8w-j2gR2wUGUnzG6bbVwFaHMZHe_823iXJ2Nf0TOxn9hsMgTiOGEJe-2tWvtDQbIKSPlwfP78og8tj9mDR0RfMLwEphIjImNjz3ieQgq4xXx8dZaPMWXEnPIYSiFD95jHgcZYRXyw/s400/DSC_2482a.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Photo 1 (by Taylor Crockford): The chemistry group: (from left) Kelly Knorr, Elliott Roberts,
Aleck Wang, Nick Tuttle, Katherine Hoering, and Sophie Chu.</span></td></tr>
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Let’s talk about the difference in seawater chemistry
between the two ocean basins: North Atlantic vs. North Pacific. This is
important because it sets the background and logic for this ocean acidification
– pteropods project.</div>
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Naturally, seawater in the North Pacific Ocean is more
acidic (lower in pH) than in the North Atlantic Ocean. This is related to the
circulation, biology and chemistry in the ocean, which involve complicated
processes that oceanographers have been studying for decades. The results of
these processes are that seawater in the North Pacific in general has lower pH,
but higher TCO<sub>2</sub> concentrations than that of the North Atlantic at
similar latitude (Figure 1; data collected in August 2011 and August 2012 by
Wang’s group through this project).</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk9EFUB93fSJcs4aWFhnFdd4rmavgo7_X9FpJKfZVeJIkLIC56ZvoIMC0bmjiw6myMzVOMknIWESUxUSHsmf5xQ9srVV8StFVDJwh2jsixThW9Xg5fcc7TAW3eduMD2JVOFKNSc8hNm8pQ/s1600/pH-TCO2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk9EFUB93fSJcs4aWFhnFdd4rmavgo7_X9FpJKfZVeJIkLIC56ZvoIMC0bmjiw6myMzVOMknIWESUxUSHsmf5xQ9srVV8StFVDJwh2jsixThW9Xg5fcc7TAW3eduMD2JVOFKNSc8hNm8pQ/s640/pH-TCO2.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Figure 1. pH and TCO<sub>2</sub> profiles at two stations in the
North Pacific vs. North Atlantic. Data were collected by Wang’s group through
this project.</span></div>
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Such a difference causes profound differences in seawater
chemistry between the two ocean basins. For example, aragonite compensation
depth in the North Pacific is dramatically shallower than the North Atlantic.
Aragonite, one type of calcium carbonate minerals, is required by many marine
animals (e.g. pteropods, shrimps, and many species of bi-valves) to form their
shells. Aragonite can dissolve or precipitate in seawater, depending on its
solubility measured by saturation state: if aragonite saturation state is
greater than 1, the condition favors aragonite precipitation and growth of
shell-building animals; otherwise, aragonite would dissolve, which can have
detrimental effects on shell building animals. The water depth where aragonite
saturation state equals 1 is called aragonite compensation depth. Above this
depth, aragonite saturation is greater than 1 and less than 1 otherwise.</div>
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Lower aragonite saturation state in the North Pacific is primarily
due to lower pH condition as compared to the North Atlantic (Figure 2; data
collected by Wang’s group through this project). As a result, the aragonite
compensation depth is ~135 m at a North Pacific station (blue line in Figure 2)
as compared to 2500 m at a North Atlantic station (green line in Figure 2). As
the ocean continues acidifying as more CO<sub>2</sub> dissolves into the ocean
due to the rise of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, seawater pH will
continue dropping and aragonite compensation depth will become shallower in all
ocean basins in the coming decades. In the North Pacific, this becomes an imminent
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inches up to the surface each year and the water layer supports their shell
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This ocean acidification project takes advantage of the very
difference in carbonate chemistry between the North Atlantic and North Pacific
to examine how such a difference affects pteropod’s life style and
distribution. More about pteropod biology will follow. The results from this
project will inform us what would happen to pteropods as ocean acidification
continues. Essentially, the North Atlantic servers as a control case in this
study to compared with, and the North Pacific is the acidified case.</div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">The other goal of this project is to evaluate and
compare the ocean acidification rates in the two ocean basins by comparing our
measurements of carbonate parameters with historical data. Because of the
difference in seawater chemistry between the two ocean basins, their
acidification rates likely differ. This will help us to predict future changes
in seawater chemistry.</span> </div>
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The chemistry group (Photo 2) has done a marvelous job on
making high quality measurements of carbonate chemistry during both North
Atlantic and North Pacific cruises, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Special thanks
go to each group member. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDS42JONNXV-A50SguyTSiCy1km-Aec9XvAG-yLKsKiO7vtR820KJXg156cTI00P0PyOq9LgRrvLOKiAkLDsM7oQIqxpwnOm2xR1HByFRsUIfavCrku15uBob3xCbjxuUd7eN6uQXTvqAD/s1600/DSC_2490a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="427" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDS42JONNXV-A50SguyTSiCy1km-Aec9XvAG-yLKsKiO7vtR820KJXg156cTI00P0PyOq9LgRrvLOKiAkLDsM7oQIqxpwnOm2xR1HByFRsUIfavCrku15uBob3xCbjxuUd7eN6uQXTvqAD/s640/DSC_2490a.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo 2 (by Taylor Crockford): The chemistry group around the CTD-Rosette package.</td></tr>
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Zhaohui Aleck Wanghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17629242520640595722noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-994481265669593372012-09-11T02:16:00.003-04:002012-09-11T02:57:56.286-04:00Night Watch in Action<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Here are a few videos of the night watch biology and chemistry teams in action. The first shows a deployment of the Reeve net, which we use to collect live animals in an unharmed state for shipboard experiments. The second shows night watch team members sorting the Reeve net catch, launching the CTD, and bringing the MOCNESS net system back on deck. Enjoy!</div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzXPC9R6mn54n58QFuYDRTRR886F2dIjiweiie1mT7gTj99pS-KUohLVd-w29ZOm9WpE-im7WdT_CGcodw2tg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwFaQN_O9dRF8A0iFeUJDlzSiRRo5eZ0RXOBYYHVpOhCXhYbso1V7v94C7820uiAG7zg7DiGZH67Yjn9icEqQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-33347227233626049232012-09-10T02:35:00.001-04:002012-09-10T03:56:16.362-04:00The Food Horizon<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5HDfWP06Vna2-EUWySbWfWFR7SLN9pwBTg-1vh1eSSwRoYdzVLZkFA58Vf0NRFfoY4xdAPpx-tIM6hFnVGiwrKneIN9ouPgRxlNWY9ITXUbQA8SyfwJ9T-HjyVDQsgGZXWSgxK3nuq8ns/s1600/IMAG0839.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5HDfWP06Vna2-EUWySbWfWFR7SLN9pwBTg-1vh1eSSwRoYdzVLZkFA58Vf0NRFfoY4xdAPpx-tIM6hFnVGiwrKneIN9ouPgRxlNWY9ITXUbQA8SyfwJ9T-HjyVDQsgGZXWSgxK3nuq8ns/s200/IMAG0839.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="200" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hello blogosphere, my name is Sophie Chu. I am part of the Chemistry team on the cruise this year. I do research in Aleck Wang’s lab and I am officially, as of a few days ago, a second year PhD student. One of my specialties is being able to eat a lot. As an expert in this field, I have taken it upon myself to answer the question you have all been wondering: what’s the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">food like??</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmUatLZW0ybgrHCG1AUadGrkxYv7dOE_hu2TFhTpJ4lpEJSce2nXE5Da4mkshQdifkpIy3P2r5es6HkdmtHDsYzqxvjiMawez-Qt3kE80oki63BgfrTpAGLpHfuHIu_o3jkigo__T2hGlW/s1600/IMAG0888.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmUatLZW0ybgrHCG1AUadGrkxYv7dOE_hu2TFhTpJ4lpEJSce2nXE5Da4mkshQdifkpIy3P2r5es6HkdmtHDsYzqxvjiMawez-Qt3kE80oki63BgfrTpAGLpHfuHIu_o3jkigo__T2hGlW/s320/IMAG0888.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: center;">Main dining area</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGkjvUyaoKLqSGaA_G9Ok4kyQ8kRo8JlYvtXG9TCKSo2vmG8DExkyQIK5CXumAGddWg6qF5INYMZnn5huCM42yQglyW7ZtyAK6HdXgUpIdrkDyg7GKdfdiasniAAtjUV81e9QrR9oCN33s/s1600/IMAG0891.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGkjvUyaoKLqSGaA_G9Ok4kyQ8kRo8JlYvtXG9TCKSo2vmG8DExkyQIK5CXumAGddWg6qF5INYMZnn5huCM42yQglyW7ZtyAK6HdXgUpIdrkDyg7GKdfdiasniAAtjUV81e9QrR9oCN33s/s200/IMAG0891.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="200" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: black;"></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHIkqt55aQhbmlWKYgIQTYQlXSaiAWMHzXGFUmhIJ9lnxifDmRHeeBIwdVFBLy2647leflXtNORPusgdb0dFtcN83PAlsNF_EguDEZiMyfHiW8Klz8J5WXtN9Qswj862t_AgmxiuO1Th_0/s1600/IMAG0890.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="119" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHIkqt55aQhbmlWKYgIQTYQlXSaiAWMHzXGFUmhIJ9lnxifDmRHeeBIwdVFBLy2647leflXtNORPusgdb0dFtcN83PAlsNF_EguDEZiMyfHiW8Klz8J5WXtN9Qswj862t_AgmxiuO1Th_0/s200/IMAG0890.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Above: Everyone gets their own mug and cup according to the number on their bunk (left) and the coffee maker (right)!</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhgIg0TU58O0uuAY-JmodJk5fTJDWM32QfAYIEY9sOKS5KJ0mlgeFb6X2G5dSpv-HAqW1AurjMlb2ekZzkpRJd2Ypeeg9mWHoygy1vXSM4KJLzn0FlwmsZRkFkOKkMq2dRKxOFnHc-ZlFX/s1600/IMAG0896.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhgIg0TU58O0uuAY-JmodJk5fTJDWM32QfAYIEY9sOKS5KJ0mlgeFb6X2G5dSpv-HAqW1AurjMlb2ekZzkpRJd2Ypeeg9mWHoygy1vXSM4KJLzn0FlwmsZRkFkOKkMq2dRKxOFnHc-ZlFX/s320/IMAG0896.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: center;">No picture of the breakfast spread, but here's some pizza!</td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Here’s a look at the food schedule:</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7:15 – 8:00 am. Breakfast! I am usually asleep during this time, but before we got into our shift schedules, I remember enjoying the plethora of foods available. Pancakes, French toast, omelettes, fried eggs, sausage, bacon, oatmeal, fruit salad. Anything you could ever want for breakfast.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lunch is served at 11:15 – 12:00 pm. This usually consists of some type of sandwich or pasta with soup, fruit and salad. Let me just say here that there is a salad bar at every meal, though this is the place you will find me the least, mostly because it is at the end of the buffet table and I don’t usually have any space left on my plate (also I don’t like salad). FYI, the red mats underneath the plates are non-skid so our food doesn't go flying off the tables while we're trying to eat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mouthwatering aromas waft into my nostrils when deploying/recovering/sampling a CTD on deck right outside the galley before dinner, which is from 5:00 – 5:45 pm. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dinner frequently includes a succulent meat or two covered in a tasty sauce, a starch and veggies. Sunday is a special day when the meat is grilled to perfection on this baby:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwLkho85gmDxblS7lycIZx4C4_Jmc4TSt0FsBoMvFkqDYV_tp9VjQcD64P3NATR6sqoggyZtqeIYLRLYI7NkC5INkXiHBBBIyzMK1uF23pXH_3jonFNeFT6-jF4FiMe9PVB5rB_3XgYc8F/s1600/IMAG0875.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwLkho85gmDxblS7lycIZx4C4_Jmc4TSt0FsBoMvFkqDYV_tp9VjQcD64P3NATR6sqoggyZtqeIYLRLYI7NkC5INkXiHBBBIyzMK1uF23pXH_3jonFNeFT6-jF4FiMe9PVB5rB_3XgYc8F/s320/IMAG0875.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="191" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">And the best part about dinner is that there is always dessert!!! Past desserts include: brownies, ice cream with fixin’s, cinnamon buns, apple turnovers, chocolate chip walnut cookies, and cake.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNkjPx2mH9Q_a6TeATOEG8uUx3MCg936MDEC-0nHhbwNb8XCCCnxjV0bL0oDMGcKmwl26zTpQhR3ttYiCzufahrpCZ5FINC1WuA61ixM2V0nLGdA6Wb-8mnDlaC9gIwuQZe20oDFblEEJ3/s1600/IMAG0892.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNkjPx2mH9Q_a6TeATOEG8uUx3MCg936MDEC-0nHhbwNb8XCCCnxjV0bL0oDMGcKmwl26zTpQhR3ttYiCzufahrpCZ5FINC1WuA61ixM2V0nLGdA6Wb-8mnDlaC9gIwuQZe20oDFblEEJ3/s200/IMAG0892.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="119" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Now, just in case you need some snacks to hold you over between meals, there are copious amounts of candy, crackers, cereal, bread, fruit, yogurt, etc. available at all times. If you aren’t up for meals, you can also have someone set aside meals for you and put them in the fridge. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Leftovers from meals are also placed in the fridges (and used creatively in the next day’s meals). These foods can be used for ‘midrats’ or midnight rations to land people.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: center;">Mmmmmmmmmm.</td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Phew, are you getting full from eating with your eyes yet? Ew, don’t picture eating food with your eyes. You know what I <s>meat</s> meant. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyRfpAz1Y9CPTN2Ywpo7_pnsRkvUjz7geV9qDkBHMIEIkiAweKmX5G1Ie5vbmEwneKgeMGIe14oFZGCZgyQl0P9oNqHv8xtf9XqNXrI1mH_0zer7O_sn0XDf-7aUig186UPPiO6wQBIMpQ/s1600/IMAG0897.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyRfpAz1Y9CPTN2Ywpo7_pnsRkvUjz7geV9qDkBHMIEIkiAweKmX5G1Ie5vbmEwneKgeMGIe14oFZGCZgyQl0P9oNqHv8xtf9XqNXrI1mH_0zer7O_sn0XDf-7aUig186UPPiO6wQBIMpQ/s320/IMAG0897.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: center;">Thanks to Ed and Oscar! (Senior cook and cook on the ship)</td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alright folks, I hope you’ve had your fill (get it???). That’s it for now for Food on the New Horizon. Stay tuned for the next food related post with an interview from Chef Ed!</span></div>
Sophiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10552658030663734870noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-32356281911563963802012-09-09T00:25:00.001-04:002012-09-09T00:32:31.840-04:00Exercise Do’s and Don’ts on the R/V New Horizon<style>
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As you can see, science takes up most of our time on the R/V
New Horizon. However, many scientists and crew members enjoy exercising during
their time away from pteropods, CTDs, and ship driving.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’ve put together a fool-proof guide to
exercising on our ship! </div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="color: red;">DO</span> </span>workout
in a group! There are different workout times to accommodate your workout
preference and watch schedule! Mornings: Wisdom and weights with Nancy.
1245-1345: Hour of Pain with wrestler/boxer/MMA Willie and Captain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1415: Kickin’ it with Kelly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1600: Engine room trouble.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs-SXA346ye1T-cRhEIq_PNXu7IvYC-uaGR3YsOeuJRB5MYVKUANBWa2pBHHjAo-efqRU4LLw3SoIh0V9nrLesHgGoqO0vUHozuyiw2fqqWGBgDtw21fKLPC0c7BNRvh_PYWG2iNwuJUQ/s1600/workoutzgurl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs-SXA346ye1T-cRhEIq_PNXu7IvYC-uaGR3YsOeuJRB5MYVKUANBWa2pBHHjAo-efqRU4LLw3SoIh0V9nrLesHgGoqO0vUHozuyiw2fqqWGBgDtw21fKLPC0c7BNRvh_PYWG2iNwuJUQ/s320/workoutzgurl.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A couple of us exercising under the sun: me (Kelly) balancing on the medicine ball, Nick ready for pushups, Jack doing bicep curls, and Chumley giving the gun show.</td></tr>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt;">DO</span> hold on
for dear life! The New Horizon likes to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rock
and roll</b>, uh, literally and figuratively! Use the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rock</b> to your advantage and exercise your stability muscles. Challenge
yourself with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">roll</b>, but be
careful not to fall overboard!</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYXk0e6pBm9h6vyYgf4mIkv4lEAp55g5PdkxUVOUXdwVQRribYP9lDZLHnhrjoHR3mnRxPXsKOI_Z3UiGiiPOegWoC__AL3JDaem8FlCKfW2xIf7X7SHV7JJGhMXlyzeSDiv9nlIM_aKs/s1600/DSC_2453.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYXk0e6pBm9h6vyYgf4mIkv4lEAp55g5PdkxUVOUXdwVQRribYP9lDZLHnhrjoHR3mnRxPXsKOI_Z3UiGiiPOegWoC__AL3JDaem8FlCKfW2xIf7X7SHV7JJGhMXlyzeSDiv9nlIM_aKs/s320/DSC_2453.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Captain getting a workout on the pull-up bar. Hold on!!!</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZgZi94tG63WjqoIwDUPk9BYL9ucxaWVgm5Wbu6QCLSk17z6ybtN4cW5ZE5ms9V2AgngGRzG2psQzAVYnmcjbUQ6cpBwi6tzk8xSsZSesed4tcYjndxwokb47zl1wgek9sUV20_koEGDE/s1600/DSC_2457.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZgZi94tG63WjqoIwDUPk9BYL9ucxaWVgm5Wbu6QCLSk17z6ybtN4cW5ZE5ms9V2AgngGRzG2psQzAVYnmcjbUQ6cpBwi6tzk8xSsZSesed4tcYjndxwokb47zl1wgek9sUV20_koEGDE/s320/DSC_2457.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Willie also on the pull-up bar. Which way is up?!</td></tr>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt;">DO</span> use the
stepper for a workout challenge! Not only will you have to survive the heat and
fumes of the deep dark engine room, you’ll be sweating bolts, not bullets, down
there!!</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5CLRMeeky9N8byfVXgrG2xtalRKrUN1O_U9N15rIhgWEPUSzJiJUu9Eg1RVc3tI2lYUu2_Is5KR5EG4JFDnyTIJAMfZJQRk50P7kdYGoJizw9jXkHHtRIgclH3Psd1AVD5nnZ-vaSd2o/s1600/DSC_2461.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5CLRMeeky9N8byfVXgrG2xtalRKrUN1O_U9N15rIhgWEPUSzJiJUu9Eg1RVc3tI2lYUu2_Is5KR5EG4JFDnyTIJAMfZJQRk50P7kdYGoJizw9jXkHHtRIgclH3Psd1AVD5nnZ-vaSd2o/s320/DSC_2461.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sophie on the stepper sporting the 5-150 cruise t-shirt!</td></tr>
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<br />
<span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;">DO NOT</span> use
the stepper without consulting the salty New Horizon natives. They’ll help you
learn the ropes, like leaning forward on the swells, so the stepper doesn’t
topple over!</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt;">DO NOT</span> try
balancing on a medicine ball for a Women’s Health magazine “Fresh Flat Belly”
workout when there are 8 foot swells! I did, and I ended up skidding across the
0-2 level!</div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt;">DO NOT</span> hold
back!! There is nothing embarrassing about <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">lettin go and gettin down wit
yo bad self</span></i>! Dancing is a great way to exercise on a ship,
especially when you have limited room and have a hankerin to get your groove
on!! When the ship gets arollin, everyone step dances anyway!</div>
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Above all, <span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt;">DO</span>
have fun! This extraordinary group of sailors and scientists all foster a
positive working and working out environment. </div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-1393234128984294792012-09-07T00:35:00.000-04:002012-09-08T02:34:48.969-04:00The Mystery Machine and the Storage Van<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Amy here,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Checking in with an update on life in the lab van! Due to
its styling red lights, which shine out from three sides during most nights, we
have fondly dubbed the lab space on the 01 deck “the Mystery Machine” after the
Scooby Doo van. This space is a container van – similar to the ones you see on
the back of trailer trucks on the highway – but specially equipped to support
science on ships. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnWKZ-WWoFq0oI3R0n-CPXYSRKdt5lInSHHo_GnIXO1-PFK50S3vAjyceDqh6ZAqzGxTRe0xGWt4793Y8qSmLG7HBYxi2e3vrGXQ7Ie_AhgOnng_93f582wJmHwlyRS6TJWiq0k4fJLwk/s1600/IMG_1617.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnWKZ-WWoFq0oI3R0n-CPXYSRKdt5lInSHHo_GnIXO1-PFK50S3vAjyceDqh6ZAqzGxTRe0xGWt4793Y8qSmLG7HBYxi2e3vrGXQ7Ie_AhgOnng_93f582wJmHwlyRS6TJWiq0k4fJLwk/s320/IMG_1617.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Looking in on Nick working in the science van on the 01 deck late at night. Photo by A. Maas</td></tr>
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At night (and early in the morning too!), in the glowing red
light, augmented by a headlamp and flashlight, I do my respiration experiments
(to see me in action look at my <a href="http://funwithkrill.blogspot.com/2012/08/pteropod-physiology-ii.html" target="_blank">previous post</a> about physiology). During the day,
when it is less disruptive to the night vision of the ship’s navigators, I
switch to normal lights and enjoy my view of the sea. To support my work we
have hooked the van into the ship’s salt water, fresh water and electricity.
Inside the van I have a water heater to make hot tap water for washing jars, a microscope
for examining pteropods, a refrigerator to keep water chilling for my animals,
gasses to change the oxygen and CO2 in my experimental water, as well as a
liquid nitrogen tank and a freezer to keep samples in. We also have a heater
and an air-conditioner to ensure that wherever we go, the space is a comfortable
temperature.<o:p> </o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL5H6M3cuXN21ZCDhGG39zOu0JnIudp-opzHKwjqRealdlOTnqzfqeNC-CAAFWIyK-AQySG8n8co8W-ulBIpi46GrI2lFDlQbIx_kgu1x5IjhPwsuNPSKUB2jJW2GgXA4nryDpmBbF1EY/s1600/Labspace2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL5H6M3cuXN21ZCDhGG39zOu0JnIudp-opzHKwjqRealdlOTnqzfqeNC-CAAFWIyK-AQySG8n8co8W-ulBIpi46GrI2lFDlQbIx_kgu1x5IjhPwsuNPSKUB2jJW2GgXA4nryDpmBbF1EY/s320/Labspace2.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The water heater (green arrow), which joins up with the tap and the salt water line (yellow arrow) in the sink, the refrigerator (blue arrow), freezer (red arrow) salinometer (orange arrow), and fumehood (purple arrow) take up one wall of the lab van. Photo by L. Blanco Bercial and A. Maas</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBtDDZAkkU5IN64qas-_qqCVDkIaf7jMs4sqpzVLmHoJ1EmyIt4m8Q9eMjtSzz3ekt-XyBEIAv4OiDZdGXg4_-A-ZrmW1P1RBizaOqCRoWAgaPPvZ51wo40bJJkoDCHnQ_76AFCRYAu0w/s1600/Labspace.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBtDDZAkkU5IN64qas-_qqCVDkIaf7jMs4sqpzVLmHoJ1EmyIt4m8Q9eMjtSzz3ekt-XyBEIAv4OiDZdGXg4_-A-ZrmW1P1RBizaOqCRoWAgaPPvZ51wo40bJJkoDCHnQ_76AFCRYAu0w/s320/Labspace.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My lab space has two waterbaths (green arrow), the one on the left to keep animals and experimental water cold and the one on the right to keep my electrode (red arrow) at the proper temperature. The electrode is hooked up to a meter and computer (orange arrow) where I read the measurements. To the right of the area is a jug of water that I have filtered to remove practically everything but salt from my water (blue arrow). On the left is the liquid nitrogen dry shipper (purple arrow) that lets me quickly freeze my animals for later measurements of their gene expression. The clear lines that are hanging down (black) are hooked up to gas tanks which are way down at the other end of the van. Photo by L. Blanco Bercial and A. Maas</td></tr>
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The temperature in the Mystery Machine needs to be pretty
constant because the salinometer is also in the van and is relatively
temperature sensitive. Once the chemistry team collects the water from each
station they bring bottles up to the van where, one by one, they use this
machine to figure out the salt content throughout the water column and calibrate the estimates of salinity that we calculate from the CTD's measurements of conductivity.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsZqwFTwy6O9ItiXaI90HcDYfzJgM3Yq77bFuYpYoCAuBHMQLU1jYj4XSBT44eMD_27bThjbWSkf5cQWBvMSFZoMqCMgXppXqlwIc81tQJuA0d1ksmoDZwywwu5EHAifIThejKcblzepc/s1600/IMG_1616.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsZqwFTwy6O9ItiXaI90HcDYfzJgM3Yq77bFuYpYoCAuBHMQLU1jYj4XSBT44eMD_27bThjbWSkf5cQWBvMSFZoMqCMgXppXqlwIc81tQJuA0d1ksmoDZwywwu5EHAifIThejKcblzepc/s320/IMG_1616.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nick running salinity samples in the van. Photo by A. Maas</td></tr>
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Liza’s shell work (see her <a href="http://funwithkrill.blogspot.com/2012/08/she-studies-seashells.html" target="_blank">previous post</a>!) is also done in
the van. She uses the microscope up here to sort, clean and identify her
pteropods, then she carefully puts them in the fume hood, safely protected with
plastic wrap, to let the shells dry. The fume hood and the plastic wrap are
used to minimize contamination, since Liza’s work concentrates on the isotopic
signature of the shells, and any contamination can affect the signal. This is
because the minor and trace elements she is measuring are hard to detect.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Liza examining pteropods under the microscope. Photo by P. Wiebe</td></tr>
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<o:p></o:p>Although the Mystery Machine is the most populated, we
actually have two portable vans on the boat. The second one, which sits on the
main deck, is what we shipped all of our heavy equipment across country in.
Currently it holds our storage boxes, containers of samples and backup gear. Designed
for more rugged polar expeditions with heavy equipment, this van originally had
multiple heaters, a big hoist and a small winch. We removed most of this back
at WHOI to make way for all our boxes, and we will replace them when we return.
That’s the beauty of the lab vans – they are versatile, transportable,
customizable and rugged. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9pFfqlM1R596kCHpojF3rFcwaDywKV_VUh6-CO-a_rvIuWfuJbXyMgikCmW7ArCcsFT2_5t3pK9GhT858QHabWqlsClWmjnBrkCQQ2pc9Ip6pfinWIoEYbdSa9Ihoq9xyJU6gFj2K0zo/s1600/DSC_empty_van.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9pFfqlM1R596kCHpojF3rFcwaDywKV_VUh6-CO-a_rvIuWfuJbXyMgikCmW7ArCcsFT2_5t3pK9GhT858QHabWqlsClWmjnBrkCQQ2pc9Ip6pfinWIoEYbdSa9Ihoq9xyJU6gFj2K0zo/s320/DSC_empty_van.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The storage van in its original configuration at WHOI. The center beam supports a winch which can help move heavy equipent into and out of the van. The heaters are visible to either side at the top of the van. All of these were removed to make space for shipping our gear. Photo by P. Wiebe.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieARqMhA9lySgc9RoPl3az5jH-MT1O9arZDC9QxT6hNZSzxcv4tOO7KxNtnc4SHeEX9itVvlTP9cbXMq-8YSsbi56kIP017gvdV8TkkrboNhFyhrbBecYAT7z-ZXyHqvGpziy43i398fE/s1600/DSC_full_van.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieARqMhA9lySgc9RoPl3az5jH-MT1O9arZDC9QxT6hNZSzxcv4tOO7KxNtnc4SHeEX9itVvlTP9cbXMq-8YSsbi56kIP017gvdV8TkkrboNhFyhrbBecYAT7z-ZXyHqvGpziy43i398fE/s320/DSC_full_van.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The storage van just before the doors were closed and we sent it across country. We were surprised by how much "extra" space we had in the end. My favorite part is the last minute chair addition (as a note I am currently sitting in this chair in the main lab - its pretty comfy!) Photo by P. Wiebe.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Craning the storage van onto its current resting place aboard the New Horizon at the Newport dock. It takes a mighty crane to move the weight onto the boat! Photo by P. Wiebe.</td></tr>
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<br />
When we get back to land, we will refill the blue storage van with all of our heavy equipment, crane it off the boat, and ship it back to WHOI by truck. In about a week or so we will have all of our gear back, ready to be unpacked. The Mystery Machine is part of the UNOLS fleet pool of supplies and will pass along into the hands of some other science group - re-purposed to suit whatever needs their research requires.<br />
<br />
In the meanwhile, my work in the Mystery Machine continues to go well. We have had lots of pteropods, and I am learning a lot about how these Pacific species respond to CO2 and O2. I am looking forward to getting back to land to weigh my animals and start doing the analysis to compare between oceans.</div>
Dr. Amy Maashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00761306340276589499noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-83599148348645103022012-09-06T21:15:00.001-04:002012-09-06T21:15:19.507-04:00How Are We Doing So Far?
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">This is a question that quite often comes from
those who have been following our cruise and the many facets of our work at
sea.<span> </span>The answer is that the cruise
is going very well now.<span> </span>We are at
station 16 and in 24 hours should be at station 18. To
date, we have been completing about 3 stations per day in weather that has been
very workable. We have completed 12 MOCNESS tows, 23 CTD casts, 19 VPR casts, 14
Reeve Net tows, and 7 HammarHead (broad-band acoustics) tows.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXgud5ERBhKGekBpUhfgpmSDismo8xLOHrO1HdZzQ2fxcqZYXHgX_YfT1GsHgcs6Ua6yhkwlq36pDmatV1ukb9B6tIpH9mVkmFQPHIjajyjw3pmANH2msUyfIcrnv6t5NFGIph2Aljqho/s1600/Fig_1_HowAreWeDoing_Blog_6Sept2012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXgud5ERBhKGekBpUhfgpmSDismo8xLOHrO1HdZzQ2fxcqZYXHgX_YfT1GsHgcs6Ua6yhkwlq36pDmatV1ukb9B6tIpH9mVkmFQPHIjajyjw3pmANH2msUyfIcrnv6t5NFGIph2Aljqho/s400/Fig_1_HowAreWeDoing_Blog_6Sept2012.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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--> </style><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: 115%;">Map showing our trackline and station positions on top of a plot of
satellite-derived sea surface temperature (shown in color) and bathymetry (black contours). We should be starting work at station
18 (circled)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7891172683529991827" name="_GoBack"></a> just before midnight on 6 September. The cruise is now scheduled to end in Port Hueneme, north of LA, rather than in San Diego as originally planned due to a change in the schedule of the next cruise.</span></span>
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</style><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">We have been fortunate to have our work area under
a very large high pressure system, so
winds over 20 knots have been almost non-existent. As a result waves and swell
have been moderate, although the very strong low pressure center over Alaska,
the remnant of Typhoon “Saola,” could produce some large swells that we may
experience in a day or so. To anticipate the weather and make our plans for the next few stations, we frequently check a
<a href="http://weather.noaa.gov/fax/alaska.shtml" target="_blank">NOAA website</a> that provides National Weather Surface radiofax charts for the Northeast Pacific and North
Pacific, which is where the pressure
field charts shown below came from.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCPp6JsRMb2AIrCkshLDTqqnRKi7Iqpug1ErK9FU0GM6MvkhBQCAI2hFUXq8nhdF1FYrvGwTEYE9pVuUaz5cIZwS7e4ppxq_koyW0SdHfquZpn-HUBrUsXdVmvsy1Z6QJttzjXoM6vjLc/s1600/Fig_2_HowAreWeDoing_6Sept2012.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCPp6JsRMb2AIrCkshLDTqqnRKi7Iqpug1ErK9FU0GM6MvkhBQCAI2hFUXq8nhdF1FYrvGwTEYE9pVuUaz5cIZwS7e4ppxq_koyW0SdHfquZpn-HUBrUsXdVmvsy1Z6QJttzjXoM6vjLc/s640/Fig_2_HowAreWeDoing_6Sept2012.tif" width="322" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">24, 48, and 96 hour forecasts of the surface
pressure fields over the North Pacific for 6 September 2012. The Pentagram
shows approximately where we expect to be at each of these time points in relation to the
large high pressure area in the eastern part of the North Pacific.</span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Our primary interest is in the surface pressure
field predictions 24 to 96 hours in the future because the juxtaposition of
the lows and highs provide a good measure of the weather coming our way. </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Other
charts are also available that provide complementary information such as
wind-wave charts and sea surface temperatures. </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">As is evident in the charts shown above for
48 and 96 hours, our anticipated position for those time periods should have us still under the
influence of the high and in decent working conditions. In the movie below you can see that the ship is rolling around in the swells a little more than in previous days, but overall conditions continue to be favorable.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz4mM3GLyncjSO4pThEeqzV6DN88HLt9ktMwtH_BG0HYKlArYDZQk3JS6EwZPHKIgiXLnFdfGzlAbazvll-BA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span>Peter Wiebe</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span><br />
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Dr. Gareth Lawsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07714852816733560944noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-23883422506594729292012-09-04T20:20:00.000-04:002012-09-04T21:43:46.174-04:00A Tour of the New Horizon<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
The R/V New Horizon has a variety of interior spaces, from the lower deck where the engine room and many of the berthing cabins (aka state rooms) are found<span style="font-size: small;">,</span> to the main deck with its labs, lounge, mess, and galley, to the 01 deck and its cabins, and finally the wheelhouse and chart room on the 02 deck. Below is a video of the mess, galley, lounge, and main lab, followed by a few photographs to give you a virtual tour of the interior of the vessel:</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFht87mfDq9YXE24S-OgyyHHKdbN3q0fnnG_c-zGK9K1QMU7LPVw_mvpJeZiLxquUn7UZoLxZ9f6iAJWokzEJTvdvNTymbxlPq5HBHZacQMTZXsXtDE9LxRGjx-MRapNdAfbAZwX0lBq0/s1600/wheelhouseDSC_2272.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFht87mfDq9YXE24S-OgyyHHKdbN3q0fnnG_c-zGK9K1QMU7LPVw_mvpJeZiLxquUn7UZoLxZ9f6iAJWokzEJTvdvNTymbxlPq5HBHZacQMTZXsXtDE9LxRGjx-MRapNdAfbAZwX0lBq0/s320/wheelhouseDSC_2272.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Third Mate Jack Purdy on the bridge. Captain's chair is in the foreground.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9LG75J00aWQ4VUhennidmLBp4WxjmlZe5tM7Wt-gQUypYmbYiYrl4vSQjpr28KR2vXf2pDicB7oPM3fKEnq9KJh9ZRdQRTnKLCO3Hju6_nKr6F2pdHVD0U9bZAFCrlk_NODGwJ-8NTTs/s1600/chartrmDSC_2270.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9LG75J00aWQ4VUhennidmLBp4WxjmlZe5tM7Wt-gQUypYmbYiYrl4vSQjpr28KR2vXf2pDicB7oPM3fKEnq9KJh9ZRdQRTnKLCO3Hju6_nKr6F2pdHVD0U9bZAFCrlk_NODGwJ-8NTTs/s320/chartrmDSC_2270.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The chart room, aft of the bridge.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRKYaG_49VpVTXPZPJ8kIzsXeC5PkbhfhWmn-jy9C9DxoQA_YY42EIISdVZ5VZp49GIqf9ZQwNlOcoUciSQ0UQbG_rFtsuUpPUaqS4G7nx_B_uZNnqDmfthRJ0UakkSjFFYliL1adLxlw/s1600/stairsDSC_2268_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRKYaG_49VpVTXPZPJ8kIzsXeC5PkbhfhWmn-jy9C9DxoQA_YY42EIISdVZ5VZp49GIqf9ZQwNlOcoUciSQ0UQbG_rFtsuUpPUaqS4G7nx_B_uZNnqDmfthRJ0UakkSjFFYliL1adLxlw/s320/stairsDSC_2268_2.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The steep stairs down to the 01 deck and then to the main deck.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGjoRX1MXYLESzyVyal5WLWzkIOJZiREv1CcJUxo2Lu-Uo96YD9kpwjqNdXb2qpoGEIJAsjwn7jHy4ErBtPOlerVscz4NSrgyWphO-GPpdwtGALF4slT-wzY2i6L1rlBQ1eb5no1Tq9QU/s1600/01decklabDSC_2281.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGjoRX1MXYLESzyVyal5WLWzkIOJZiREv1CcJUxo2Lu-Uo96YD9kpwjqNdXb2qpoGEIJAsjwn7jHy4ErBtPOlerVscz4NSrgyWphO-GPpdwtGALF4slT-wzY2i6L1rlBQ1eb5no1Tq9QU/s320/01decklabDSC_2281.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The 01 deck lab where Meghan and John the res techs set up shop. On the left is a -80C freezer for preserving things that need to be very cold...</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEaf_pJAg7sfzABJ6297KqARXmGLChBFMAm3G-gfezlQTYNqQ418-IUL6iZ34vEN_B4lB9R91DHcR3fCJ6acTN2Y3HslLeVAGEcmr2alYY6SSI1NcB1INTP7d8eVTxb3UgPkMtwuwyiMs/s1600/bosunslockerDSC_2275.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEaf_pJAg7sfzABJ6297KqARXmGLChBFMAm3G-gfezlQTYNqQ418-IUL6iZ34vEN_B4lB9R91DHcR3fCJ6acTN2Y3HslLeVAGEcmr2alYY6SSI1NcB1INTP7d8eVTxb3UgPkMtwuwyiMs/s320/bosunslockerDSC_2275.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dave Weaver the bo's'n in his locker, all the way forward.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRtaaAAomWjRimvplSGCQvXpmKb2A5vcWUjQ8MAtb-fSyW-TrnbkpumH6VZqdXDoADe18CMYt95zpNPukF1kmOapgb6vTq5v5Ko6_8o479n-XdUn664oGl-ldjGLA6hd0p9MVZLhgDQS0/s1600/laundryDSC_2274.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRtaaAAomWjRimvplSGCQvXpmKb2A5vcWUjQ8MAtb-fSyW-TrnbkpumH6VZqdXDoADe18CMYt95zpNPukF1kmOapgb6vTq5v5Ko6_8o479n-XdUn664oGl-ldjGLA6hd0p9MVZLhgDQS0/s320/laundryDSC_2274.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The laundry machines, aft of the bo's'n's locker and forward of the mess. Only use the 'express' cycle to save on water!</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD5y2sxrKhzHetS6in0w0-1Tlu8iKvX6WYUPeVnJnX0fPSI4XM-SEWEkJJ0aawm50IYtx74oeR43f2HBcawwt2M6nbzDYUfdhWxxM6xRXpGnlHFG_6bFM9Wyv4f_Kbh-xRoyEdJTanu7c/s1600/chiefscicabinDSC_2277.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD5y2sxrKhzHetS6in0w0-1Tlu8iKvX6WYUPeVnJnX0fPSI4XM-SEWEkJJ0aawm50IYtx74oeR43f2HBcawwt2M6nbzDYUfdhWxxM6xRXpGnlHFG_6bFM9Wyv4f_Kbh-xRoyEdJTanu7c/s320/chiefscicabinDSC_2277.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chief scientist's state room.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHmdKSO6EC0M8w07shhsrzMRJaWYDOd6j9_YlNYwd0qAycBYW5jUqZ-M_5sGuF3ZbunyshKhNdRXP9Bs02trFMtlGmXBcMrJ6z0X6LnL4yQS2-eLwS0EnnvLR-t9ALnHcaQNF-oD9pgus/s1600/cabinDSC_2279.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHmdKSO6EC0M8w07shhsrzMRJaWYDOd6j9_YlNYwd0qAycBYW5jUqZ-M_5sGuF3ZbunyshKhNdRXP9Bs02trFMtlGmXBcMrJ6z0X6LnL4yQS2-eLwS0EnnvLR-t9ALnHcaQNF-oD9pgus/s320/cabinDSC_2279.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Regular scientists' state room.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Video: Robert Levine </span></div>
Dr. Gareth Lawsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07714852816733560944noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-84185136149729355382012-09-04T00:42:00.000-04:002012-09-04T00:42:05.629-04:00The Video Plankton Recorder<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
Hello, this is Alex. Each day during this survey portion of our cruise we are deploying our Video Plankton Recorder (VPR) down to a depth of 1000 meters on 3 to 4 casts per day. The VPR is mounted below the Conductivity, Temperature, Depth sensor (CTD) rosette with its Niskin bottles used to collect seawater for chemical analysis. The VPR's strobe light can be seen flashing in this deployment video as it illuminates plankton that are then captured by an adjacent high-magnification camera.</div>
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Did you see a jelly pass in front of the descending rosette? It is too large to be fully imaged within the VPR's frame of view, though we often get partial pictures of large gelatinous organisms. Each frame is 14 X 14 millimeters and 15 frames are recorded per second. We have a computer program that automatically selects images that fit our criteria of brightness, focus, and size in order to select and save zooplankton pictures. Here are some particularly nice pictures from our casts on this cruise, including pteropods, the primary target of our research.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ2-Vg34mBZr6HBk08D0vM_VNUyk-WMu_f2366u8vx7Vx9se-6E_ahr3Qr_DqmncgyXpxmYwQOtAK6aQFsJ5zEJoc0jbyGhduuMs5XiVlkIo7B3S4RDjInfCyO5MVhniKSVlPD2mMIwL0/s1600/roi.4929266800.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ2-Vg34mBZr6HBk08D0vM_VNUyk-WMu_f2366u8vx7Vx9se-6E_ahr3Qr_DqmncgyXpxmYwQOtAK6aQFsJ5zEJoc0jbyGhduuMs5XiVlkIo7B3S4RDjInfCyO5MVhniKSVlPD2mMIwL0/s1600/roi.4929266800.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Limacina helicina</i> pteropods; although actual species<br />
identification can be difficult with these images,<br />
we have net samples which give us supplementary information</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaoLxfeTddsB4l61juYCbi9IfbEdkY-3Y33cErrIidprQLjxXH3V7ari1sqR3bBaRwGgQhxE6TD5JpZ6hWgCSrqxr6oV__ZeEdLkNfAqvzCBDG0Py6X5ylfZ9xVzVrY_IP19bd0t8IQ3s/s1600/roi.5043352200.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaoLxfeTddsB4l61juYCbi9IfbEdkY-3Y33cErrIidprQLjxXH3V7ari1sqR3bBaRwGgQhxE6TD5JpZ6hWgCSrqxr6oV__ZeEdLkNfAqvzCBDG0Py6X5ylfZ9xVzVrY_IP19bd0t8IQ3s/s320/roi.5043352200.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A cute jelly</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij7XAZ4lMH5uidLvVF__oFXUFC-dX-bzjEOGwmnfF-JU1PzZxLTZ5_mBFSvnY3CL8gIlYo7g1lcJ7kr7WJU0YOJxKk75x161F_qOPpDqlF22DTqEned2JJC4HSalBFfS2Tl18LXZdXkKs/s1600/roi.2782883800.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij7XAZ4lMH5uidLvVF__oFXUFC-dX-bzjEOGwmnfF-JU1PzZxLTZ5_mBFSvnY3CL8gIlYo7g1lcJ7kr7WJU0YOJxKk75x161F_qOPpDqlF22DTqEned2JJC4HSalBFfS2Tl18LXZdXkKs/s320/roi.2782883800.jpg" width="298" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An amphipod with buggy eyes</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUHnF0MO_vCgFSLBjQTeKZU3b5WJeA12y5B9Fu6lpK1DxMOG8cyA13FkuGFpTg1EWmB0CcKOb_BEywMhlk74fsyyEbZppnLhSNJhVBayCEJVzSFTWtWmQdz-1Vk3l6vrppwMEZ6OZG89s/s1600/roi.2928232800.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUHnF0MO_vCgFSLBjQTeKZU3b5WJeA12y5B9Fu6lpK1DxMOG8cyA13FkuGFpTg1EWmB0CcKOb_BEywMhlk74fsyyEbZppnLhSNJhVBayCEJVzSFTWtWmQdz-1Vk3l6vrppwMEZ6OZG89s/s320/roi.2928232800.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A colorful copepod</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnKCS_W7hzvdapqalox3j7wB_CIEVZLHI0s87_Kn2mb331TDttSh3XfK-bDsQF6ZtT562zdD1TM5-KnjecS3H72frruyXjr-gcrbSAZ_r2tIIU92QFHzquYvmarKbp2ZDXb6Ph1RGUcVg/s1600/roi.4743475100.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnKCS_W7hzvdapqalox3j7wB_CIEVZLHI0s87_Kn2mb331TDttSh3XfK-bDsQF6ZtT562zdD1TM5-KnjecS3H72frruyXjr-gcrbSAZ_r2tIIU92QFHzquYvmarKbp2ZDXb6Ph1RGUcVg/s320/roi.4743475100.jpg" width="178" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beautiful blue jelly</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo6VoxnlXnDVSWm2glz8yyAvFeLh-5oK3FkzS6_P_cBBlmR-D60gs__RC05PNfwI6EVESzUS_6GJYfKIdpY0tLC_FtupPhj2U42HxMstGqn0wV0vn46XoCyAU_vCcGzaBvx6QDXNg5TGw/s1600/roi.4903821500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo6VoxnlXnDVSWm2glz8yyAvFeLh-5oK3FkzS6_P_cBBlmR-D60gs__RC05PNfwI6EVESzUS_6GJYfKIdpY0tLC_FtupPhj2U42HxMstGqn0wV0vn46XoCyAU_vCcGzaBvx6QDXNg5TGw/s320/roi.4903821500.jpg" width="174" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fun with krill</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ87wjlf7XImgEDSimK-Gqe9AOmln8m1S7FSOQgULgiSywcwrsAF1K-UN1_PYM1PFuK1EoYs1GFQQgRHSIfcKSwYhVzfE-2t7xvJ0Zq40UyRTzoGcCZwFnkq3wcZ66tE7Osy_YbsZD1ok/s1600/roi.4056350301.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ87wjlf7XImgEDSimK-Gqe9AOmln8m1S7FSOQgULgiSywcwrsAF1K-UN1_PYM1PFuK1EoYs1GFQQgRHSIfcKSwYhVzfE-2t7xvJ0Zq40UyRTzoGcCZwFnkq3wcZ66tE7Osy_YbsZD1ok/s320/roi.4056350301.jpg" width="144" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This chaetognath, or arrow worm, has a brood of eggs on her "hip"<br />
They are ambush predators in the plankton</td></tr>
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Collecting <i>in situ</i> images allows us to see the structure of fragile gelatinous organisms, which collapse out of water and can easily be damaged by nets. The VPR also gives us the exact location of animals in the water column, and we can couple environmental information from the CTD with the depth distribution of the animals to learn more about their habitat needs. Essentially the VPR is like an underwater microscope -- rather than using nets to bring animals up to the surface where we then look at them under a microscope, we're taking the microscope to them!</div>
Alex Berganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05848910788897991999noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-78162156004107511822012-09-02T17:16:00.001-04:002012-09-07T01:57:40.887-04:00Stealing the limelight: Some Chemistry! <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Hi, I’m Elliott. I'm the newest addition to the science party, and am working alongside Zhaohui ‘Aleck’, Sophie, Katherine, Kelly, and Nick on the Chemistry team. Unfortunately Britta Voss could not make it to join us for the 3<sup>rd</sup> leg of the NH1208 journey, so I took over her duties on the ship.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">You can refer to blog posts from our last year's cruise for additional information on <a href="http://funwithkrill.blogspot.com/2011/08/ocean-acidification-brief-synopsis.html" target="_blank">ocean acidification</a> and <a href="http://funwithkrill.blogspot.com/2011/08/how-do-we-measure-ocean-acidification.html" target="_blank">how we study it</a>, but here is a brief review of what the chemistry crew are researching:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdoHmS0LNZlZJFmFWPqjXBjecipkQ0ur2h0cmYwtTIP1t_rzRDwjxs8_AdqLIMsuTBQfqE2BO1rvPGNtCbLRVOwmUFF5pO_X9-cNkd8F_EzVj23nZAlSw4959bonHpEeAu-ebvJIW7iTLc/s1600/DSC_7834+%28530x800%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdoHmS0LNZlZJFmFWPqjXBjecipkQ0ur2h0cmYwtTIP1t_rzRDwjxs8_AdqLIMsuTBQfqE2BO1rvPGNtCbLRVOwmUFF5pO_X9-cNkd8F_EzVj23nZAlSw4959bonHpEeAu-ebvJIW7iTLc/s320/DSC_7834+%28530x800%29.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sophie hard at work conducting science</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">In the ocean, CO<sub>2</sub> (carbon dioxide) is present in the forms of CO<sub>2(aq)</sub> (i.e., dissolved</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">), CO<sub>3</sub><sup>-2</sup> (carbonate ion), and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-1</sup> (bicarbonate ion). H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (carbonic acid) is present as well, but in negligible quantities. These molecules constitute the basis of the seawater carbonate chemistry system and are governed by the following dissociation equations:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"> CO<sub>2</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O </span><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">↔</span><span style="font-size: small;"> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-1</sup> +
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HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-1</sup> </span><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">↔ </span><span style="font-size: small;">
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<span style="font-size: small;">The same chemical reactions occur in carbonated beverages, such as soda. But soda water is much more acidic than seawater. Rising CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere associated with the burning of fossil fuels is causing more CO<sub>2</sub> to dissolve into the ocean, a process that is similar to making water slowly carbonated; this causes an increase of H<sup>+</sup> (hydrogen) ion concentration in seawater, decreasing pH (more acidic) and CO<sub>3</sub><sup>-2</sup>. This collective chain of events on a global scale is known as ‘ocean acidification’. The goal of our project is to understand what consequences might ensue from these chemical changes in the marine environment. By comparing our current measurements to those made in previous cruises at similar locations in the ocean, we can also estimate the rate at which the ocean is acidifying.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Ocean acidification can be examined by analysing the carbonate system, which is done by examining those four primary variables that can be measured in the field. The four variables are dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), pH, and pCO<sub>2 </sub>(partial pressure of carbon dioxide, which is proportional to the amount of dissolved CO<sub>2</sub>). Our chemistry team possesses benchmark technology that measures these parameters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Let’s take a look at the toys!!!</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHhgqGP6CNqpwH-yFJ4n6abPepatL-f4pbcvEB3exnuhT_f9RJ2P9vjyP05eSTzNStXIZN5LLUWYVIB3lLewRqPKsTMRB3xLx-N2pcsUMoo157NHD72r7Qq2wzyjdfTqrR0Y6JuHL-UelG/s1600/DSC_7841+%28800x530%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHhgqGP6CNqpwH-yFJ4n6abPepatL-f4pbcvEB3exnuhT_f9RJ2P9vjyP05eSTzNStXIZN5LLUWYVIB3lLewRqPKsTMRB3xLx-N2pcsUMoo157NHD72r7Qq2wzyjdfTqrR0Y6JuHL-UelG/s320/DSC_7841+%28800x530%29.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Aleck fiddling with the Multi-Parameter Inorganic Carbon Analyzer (MICA)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3y07rQBZlal_L6mCzRq_bu7GwOIj9TYdX0y0dvRvlbajUp8Y_ZGkXEWg-EtYwCox2twVNZt00vIbkliAiscN5juUy2ZXX80yD9fMABcyICPVS2jJB3II6_XHgFPlHxGj8u7zJ-qbqZb_q/s1600/DSC_7842+%28800x530%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3y07rQBZlal_L6mCzRq_bu7GwOIj9TYdX0y0dvRvlbajUp8Y_ZGkXEWg-EtYwCox2twVNZt00vIbkliAiscN5juUy2ZXX80yD9fMABcyICPVS2jJB3II6_XHgFPlHxGj8u7zJ-qbqZb_q/s320/DSC_7842+%28800x530%29.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"> Sophie posing next to the high-caliber total dissolved inorganic carbon models</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinKaixhX6WUT77bj19NVfa9ImettkTGttZrN8J8xZHrt-kJOYtqKwqPrTFkI04a6oaI2YEr_mGK8Y-H0WLAaAa05J0qz9wJ3GNHqrQbiqfkjkr4iBEwAQMSh7wlhDdnHal9_Awz6bOssUb/s1600/DSC_7840+%28530x800%29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinKaixhX6WUT77bj19NVfa9ImettkTGttZrN8J8xZHrt-kJOYtqKwqPrTFkI04a6oaI2YEr_mGK8Y-H0WLAaAa05J0qz9wJ3GNHqrQbiqfkjkr4iBEwAQMSh7wlhDdnHal9_Awz6bOssUb/s320/DSC_7840+%28530x800%29.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">The Chemistry Lab</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">This is the Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Analyzer. Can you take a guess at what it does?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">DIC is the summation of the dissolved forms of carbon: CO<sub>2(aq)</sub>, CO<sub>3</sub><sup>-2</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-1</sup> , and H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.<sub> </sub>What this gadget does is convert all the species of DIC to CO<sub>2</sub> in the sample by adding a strong acid (10% phosphoric acid). CO<sub>2</sub> gas is then purged out of solution by an inert gas (nitrogen, in the big tank on the left) and the flow takes the CO<sub>2</sub> to a drying unit to remove water vapour. The dried CO<sub>2</sub> concentration is determined by using the LI-7000 CO<sub>2</sub> (infrared) analyzer (this is within the machine).</span><o:p style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Elliott <span style="line-height: 115%;">arbitrarily</span> pressing buttons on the DIC analyzer.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfNgD-rALTotMaKxC84xMv6I9PzdoA8ehVyiTFdHl9oZ0AzL0Ow2xeSfEVhO2lSK8Zwn8cTkm0KZ9sbWUv0bmgwE_-JOxZzSyou-hcgAFYrbFxZ_7hrzXld97cqdUjwINxgN7Mylkm9wLW/s1600/DSC_7831+%2528800x530%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfNgD-rALTotMaKxC84xMv6I9PzdoA8ehVyiTFdHl9oZ0AzL0Ow2xeSfEVhO2lSK8Zwn8cTkm0KZ9sbWUv0bmgwE_-JOxZzSyou-hcgAFYrbFxZ_7hrzXld97cqdUjwINxgN7Mylkm9wLW/s320/DSC_7831+%2528800x530%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">This is the Alkalinity Titrator. Can you take a guess at what it does?</span></div>
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Total Alkalinity (TA) is a conservative quantity, which stays constant with changing pressure and temperature, and is defined as the amount of acid required to nullify all of the bases currently in solution to the CO<span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span> equivalence point (pH 4.5). It is summed up in this equation:</div>
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<span style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"> These are the dominant species in TA.</span></div>
<b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </b><b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: large;">↙</span></span></b><br />
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TA = <b><u>[HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>] + 2[CO<sub>3</sub><sup>-2</sup>]</u></b> + [B(OH)<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>] + [OH<sup>-</sup>] + [HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2</sup>] + 2[PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-3</sup>] + [SiO(OH)<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>] + [NH<sub>3</sub>] + [HS<sup>-</sup>] - [H<sup>+</sup>]<sub> </sub>- [HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>] - [HF] - [H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>] + [minor bases – minor acids] <o:p></o:p></div>
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TA is obtained via a titration with a strong acid (in our case, hydrochloric acid). This is what we would like to determine within a water sample.</div>
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This Agilent device shown above is a spectrometer. This machine can determine pH with high precision (to 3 units past the decimal place) via measuring the light intensity (over a UV spectrum) of the sample. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Titrando system above measures dissolved oxygen content within a seawater sample. As Amy said in an <a href="http://funwithkrill.blogspot.com/2012/08/pteropod-physiology-ii.html" target="_blank">earlier post</a>, measurements of oxygen enables the biologists on board to understand more about the metabolic rate of pteropods in the North Pacific (the target organism of this cruise).</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">A Happy Aleck because the MICA is working</span></div>
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This is MICA (Multi-Inorganic-Carbon-Analyser; Aleck’s pride and joy). This puppy can simultaneously measure DIC, pH, and pCO<sub>2</sub> of both air and seawater! This is used to measure underway water (sea surface samples) every few minutes.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqI8jyAbqpKqTYuAHHExhe9UjOScoF1aCBruH6unHkyNfz0Fuor28_FME_gCykxCfmkg8c3VwLgjAOJUZ_0DkDLz7n9HH8HzDDLCOmU1nKkTZxwjWnJ95YqpgzLjfb0F88y5ZivCTEE7Sa/s1600/DSC_7838+%2528530x800%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqI8jyAbqpKqTYuAHHExhe9UjOScoF1aCBruH6unHkyNfz0Fuor28_FME_gCykxCfmkg8c3VwLgjAOJUZ_0DkDLz7n9HH8HzDDLCOmU1nKkTZxwjWnJ95YqpgzLjfb0F88y5ZivCTEE7Sa/s320/DSC_7838+%2528530x800%2529.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">The underway pCO2 system.</span></div>
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This General Oceanics machine is called 'Live pCO<sub>2</sub>', and it measures underway pCO<sub>2</sub> of air and seawater as well.</div>
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Elliott out.</div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(A big thanks to Peter Wiebe for lending his camera to contribute images for this post)</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-87669432860291380542012-08-31T17:20:00.000-04:002012-08-31T17:23:57.992-04:00Pteropod Videos<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Here are a couple of pteropod videos that I put together. The first is of </span><i style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Limacina helicina</i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">. While watching, notice the shape of the spiral, the number of whorls, the presence of striations on the largest whorl and the beating heart. On which side of the shell is the opening when the point is on top? Most gastropods open on the right (dextral) but pteropods open on the left (sinistral). These animals are about 1 - 2 mm in diameter. </span><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzygINZGz1aoh1H_9ZZsP8HObmdEDLKCIKRjGI9gC_E0VFvsRWfbHkIiiLqbRdfvkaDM8pdFFa2WojozBdHcg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<i>Limacina helicina </i><br />
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At one station, many of the <i>Limacina </i>were laying eggs, shown in some of the photos below.<i> </i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp23xecmF5RIhid7dma4_wzZJNq97eHNxbD-rK4d7ryurdOpMWgK1UTVQTfFuLeJAmXxUuFSPtLUYybM7So37mXN-uxvRtHzWO0uqIciBnh6E_K1vZLyIXJ9Y5cmS4LIN9ZKo3JT1uVrVw/s1600/2012_08_30_2785.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp23xecmF5RIhid7dma4_wzZJNq97eHNxbD-rK4d7ryurdOpMWgK1UTVQTfFuLeJAmXxUuFSPtLUYybM7So37mXN-uxvRtHzWO0uqIciBnh6E_K1vZLyIXJ9Y5cmS4LIN9ZKo3JT1uVrVw/s320/2012_08_30_2785.JPG" width="213" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieQqCEtevUJS1zSXn-yqbOLTE__Ybqui8i5GEUB48zdeO33DQ0VogVDk7DWZRICdq8BfbkbJsT9BrGM-xK_rFrdPFs5GBmUKoa-RN_JLP4zftTtjQoABp97w1p2AOFRJmosKhnwBHe_nqH/s1600/2012_08_30_2812.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieQqCEtevUJS1zSXn-yqbOLTE__Ybqui8i5GEUB48zdeO33DQ0VogVDk7DWZRICdq8BfbkbJsT9BrGM-xK_rFrdPFs5GBmUKoa-RN_JLP4zftTtjQoABp97w1p2AOFRJmosKhnwBHe_nqH/s320/2012_08_30_2812.JPG" width="213" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkGHlw9iiEq9MQsILkbp8GbI_riVeWVFbNpSgzss6h218QeTr4n21ZicEBlMXQSzaocaiTfwbWc05VBHOPGra_kYSl2WN8ARC-bDTg7asn_qnAK-AC0XVrS4Cly8QDI3wywr-KcwufFFPY/s1600/2012_08_28_2588.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkGHlw9iiEq9MQsILkbp8GbI_riVeWVFbNpSgzss6h218QeTr4n21ZicEBlMXQSzaocaiTfwbWc05VBHOPGra_kYSl2WN8ARC-bDTg7asn_qnAK-AC0XVrS4Cly8QDI3wywr-KcwufFFPY/s320/2012_08_28_2588.JPG" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i>Limacina helicina</i>. top one has egg strand still attached.</span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOfDZ6433eQJqe0QmESa18NXtb8PH5FDajY6cGFMKs7_nQLYZVjVQjGqfgRMaicD1XpJoBTXAbiVKTz0RgxevJJ94tyy7DjKwNccWrvoPIhC2AEd71t2jn8nltNPMYqfTvWqeE5gHhlsGq/s1600/2012_08_30_2828.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOfDZ6433eQJqe0QmESa18NXtb8PH5FDajY6cGFMKs7_nQLYZVjVQjGqfgRMaicD1XpJoBTXAbiVKTz0RgxevJJ94tyy7DjKwNccWrvoPIhC2AEd71t2jn8nltNPMYqfTvWqeE5gHhlsGq/s320/2012_08_30_2828.JPG" width="213" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy3N3hf0_lbUNuKP_egTcHLesjHFNU-NM3k-JVaYpGZe99Knr56ciPG2w-4rCLBFzwWWiyaUF-Lb-WKjFlP1Fube44TTiHzZODmcfKXwwHCDcHsi2bB4PcjmPsZP-NN33C4BRJOPftghpK/s1600/2012_08_28_2617.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy3N3hf0_lbUNuKP_egTcHLesjHFNU-NM3k-JVaYpGZe99Knr56ciPG2w-4rCLBFzwWWiyaUF-Lb-WKjFlP1Fube44TTiHzZODmcfKXwwHCDcHsi2bB4PcjmPsZP-NN33C4BRJOPftghpK/s320/2012_08_28_2617.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Egg chain of <i>Limacina helicina</i></span></td></tr>
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The second video is of <i>Clio pyramidata</i>. These pteropods are quite a bit larger, up to a centimeter long. Their bodies are not coiled like typical snails but stretched out and flared at the opening. Look for the beating heart, the dark gut, and two yellow spots that I think look like eyes.<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyFOfu2s3yuwxcRFf_gjtqUfvMfDFNe-KTuaY5WwCPr8Uin0BXBbEtVylEjHSYeKVUDutKkP-0jRvEqdmkoLw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2uoR082LncesKETL9YEqR8bBDVX-6TWg98akko9um7Jkx39SrzKPhPQX7C9W3wJsRlSfgv6X1kAWwE2ep7bnQaGYU6AmcA4q8yrXqJx_F8QWnMkqAgnjyWRO6_Bkh3IxcIOYaUDx2_Snk/s1600/2012_08_30_2701.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2uoR082LncesKETL9YEqR8bBDVX-6TWg98akko9um7Jkx39SrzKPhPQX7C9W3wJsRlSfgv6X1kAWwE2ep7bnQaGYU6AmcA4q8yrXqJx_F8QWnMkqAgnjyWRO6_Bkh3IxcIOYaUDx2_Snk/s320/2012_08_30_2701.JPG" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Juvenile <i>Clio pyramidata</i></span>, enlarged ~ 50x</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGKr60h71YokRcfjO_Wx3rbc0lzUsHz_LpUMRlKTmF33GjliZhzxvWKv5S09V36OQ1WSAt7Thf2ZCeLvnaE5Pa3Naqwcz2cRAog_3VUXRekQBKEsvczwThrO2hqMRwDq4uBLGsuME7NqVB/s1600/2012_08_30_2761.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGKr60h71YokRcfjO_Wx3rbc0lzUsHz_LpUMRlKTmF33GjliZhzxvWKv5S09V36OQ1WSAt7Thf2ZCeLvnaE5Pa3Naqwcz2cRAog_3VUXRekQBKEsvczwThrO2hqMRwDq4uBLGsuME7NqVB/s320/2012_08_30_2761.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Larger </span><i style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Clio pyramidata</i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">, enlarged 12x</span></td></tr>
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Nancy Copley</div>
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Nancy Copleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08776732691736495069noreply@blogger.com21tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-27499546613114593982012-08-30T23:25:00.001-04:002012-08-30T23:54:20.598-04:00Streaming the Wire<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">An essential part of the work at sea is deploying various pieces of equipment over the side of the ship to sample the ocean water column. On this cruise the gear going over the side of the ship are the Reeve Net for collecting live animals, the CTD Rosette for measuring physical, chemical, and biological parameters (temperature, salinity, oxygen, fluorescence, light transmittance), the HammarHead to measure broad-band acoustical backscattering, and the Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) to capture zooplankton from 1000 m to the sea surface.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIw_EhXm96cAsTWx6RnITdT__VvnJgoDXgd2-Eqw17uSuFmvMJ0hkXP9VN-c_oXayN9dQxiMowDdO1Uq4Zq9F-FI7vvLgClQ0VMtWPJbTkirjSdNSzx9qa4FfkzQJyZXHU74DR-0kv240/s1600/DSC_7797_StreamingTrawlCable_NewHorizon_29Aug2012_PHW_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIw_EhXm96cAsTWx6RnITdT__VvnJgoDXgd2-Eqw17uSuFmvMJ0hkXP9VN-c_oXayN9dQxiMowDdO1Uq4Zq9F-FI7vvLgClQ0VMtWPJbTkirjSdNSzx9qa4FfkzQJyZXHU74DR-0kv240/s320/DSC_7797_StreamingTrawlCable_NewHorizon_29Aug2012_PHW_sm.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The trawl Winch Drum (right) and Traction Module (left) on the 0-1 deck of the New Horizon. This winch is used to tow the MOCNESS.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">All over the side deployments with sampling to depth require a winch and wire on which the sampler is attached. The winches are sophisticated devices that hold thousands of meters of cable that can be paid out and hauled in at speeds typically ranging from a meter or two per minute up to 60 meters per minute. On the base of the drum there is usually a Lebus groove designed for the specific cable diameter to provide a perfect wrap of the first layer of wire on the drum. Paying out the wire is usually not a problem, but hauling in requires a precision levelwind to lay the cable on the drum wrap after wrap and layer after layer with no gaps or cross-overs. A trawl winch with 0.68" conducting cable is being used to tow the MOCNESS off the stern of the New Horizon. In addition to a drum and levelwind, this winch also has a traction module to keep the wire spooling onto the winch at a constant tension.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8QygRTJRKy6TCkjvnCZ2Nlj2pcsLIFsCtu4qOFLDXOKmZndjsTFIt-lcKKdMzSVrPIkyXVZWkthVL96yPakzIbbDPMRILu7Hqy2Q2a8I-fb1Y8QqE1iiEr73HmKE6EpRGJ9KHuHCSTR0/s1600/DSC_7798_StreamingTrawlCable_NewHorizon_29Aug2012_PHW_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8QygRTJRKy6TCkjvnCZ2Nlj2pcsLIFsCtu4qOFLDXOKmZndjsTFIt-lcKKdMzSVrPIkyXVZWkthVL96yPakzIbbDPMRILu7Hqy2Q2a8I-fb1Y8QqE1iiEr73HmKE6EpRGJ9KHuHCSTR0/s320/DSC_7798_StreamingTrawlCable_NewHorizon_29Aug2012_PHW_sm.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The 0.68" cable being streamed over the stern of the New Horizon through the sheave on the A-frame.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">At the beginning of this cruise, the first two MOCNESS tows to 1000 m encountered difficulties with the wire on the trawl winch not being properly laid down on the drum while hauling in. The ship's engineeers had to make manual adjustments to get the cable to lay properly, which involved intervals of stopping the winch and sometimes paying the wire back out before hauling in again. This resulted in a less than optimal MOCNESS tow where the object is to sample the water column uniformly as the system is hauled from its maximum depth to the surface while opening and closing nets. Making adjustments to fix the problem while the tow is in progress is difficult and it is even more difficult in port where operating the winch is not possible without extra shore side support. So on the way out to station with the ship steaming at 9 kts, we streamed the wire with just a weight on the end of the cable to allow the engineers the time to make adjustments to the winch tension device and levelwind. We paid out more than 1800 meters of wire and then the process of making adjustments to the traction module and the levelwind started as the wire was being hauled in. Time will tell if the problems were fixed and the towing of the MOCNESS will go smoothly for the rest of the cruise.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglMtx0F8S-j5BuSg3yr-gC6GMfaOqXMcatNgBjMCveubhJokqc3bhUbPxzc-QQN5laEqgzmp6waL9x47LUQZIJgXmiWU0-oHYQEKIPV6ej-GI3ivnXlI5mniTAm9txRll0pqkOBL9IT-s/s1600/DSC_7802_StreamingTrawlCable_NewHorizon_29Aug2012_PHW_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglMtx0F8S-j5BuSg3yr-gC6GMfaOqXMcatNgBjMCveubhJokqc3bhUbPxzc-QQN5laEqgzmp6waL9x47LUQZIJgXmiWU0-oHYQEKIPV6ej-GI3ivnXlI5mniTAm9txRll0pqkOBL9IT-s/s320/DSC_7802_StreamingTrawlCable_NewHorizon_29Aug2012_PHW_sm.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Res Tech Meghan Donohue, Chief Engineer Tom Schuller, and oiler William Bouvier making adjustments to the trawl winch.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS6pCk4GMi0V98kqbd9TCZrFGhovEcmdpEm9bK_sgJX8_MyOXTYjI0iY4o49WFqUuKj9IVNDOS8Uq-vj8WNdhixgNb_UUZ4FWLwZZ70zgID26VhsbGXSRdUsFHN9yv-VOpkjuaaYJ7GWg/s1600/DSC_7814_StreamingTrawlCable_NewHorizon_29Aug2012_PHW_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS6pCk4GMi0V98kqbd9TCZrFGhovEcmdpEm9bK_sgJX8_MyOXTYjI0iY4o49WFqUuKj9IVNDOS8Uq-vj8WNdhixgNb_UUZ4FWLwZZ70zgID26VhsbGXSRdUsFHN9yv-VOpkjuaaYJ7GWg/s320/DSC_7814_StreamingTrawlCable_NewHorizon_29Aug2012_PHW_sm.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Res Tech Meghan Donohue bringing in the cable termination and weight at the end of streaming the cable.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTDc_c3KvlJAlwZ-pP9WN_AHNAUm2NkZliRzwyFGuGNx2ukGePLLFw9uyxZ5PWkAVJH38U6fs8QM-IkqF-b9ihTpsXyXk05hJ4W7FWCK6wanCmldLQizVVSw6R94bt1Bb-d0FP0Cibjg0/s1600/Winch_display_680_streaming.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTDc_c3KvlJAlwZ-pP9WN_AHNAUm2NkZliRzwyFGuGNx2ukGePLLFw9uyxZ5PWkAVJH38U6fs8QM-IkqF-b9ihTpsXyXk05hJ4W7FWCK6wanCmldLQizVVSw6R94bt1Bb-d0FP0Cibjg0/s320/Winch_display_680_streaming.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The winch display as seen inside the main lab. The graph at the bottom shows the tension (in lbs) experienced by the winch during the time over which the cable was being streamed.</td></tr>
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Peter Wiebe (text and photos)<br />
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<br />Dr. Gareth Lawsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07714852816733560944noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-67060050788038907372012-08-29T18:35:00.002-04:002012-08-30T23:28:30.450-04:00She Studies Seashells<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">G'day! or should I say Bonjour?!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br />My name's Liza Roger, and I'm a new addition this year to the Ocean Acidification Pteropod Study team. I am currently doing research for my PhD at the <a href="http://www.uwa.edu.au/" target="_blank">University of Western Australia</a> in Perth, under the supervision of Dr Malcolm McCulloch and Dr Julie Trotter at the School of Earth and Environment. I performed part of my undergrad studies in France (I'm French) and finished in Australia. After I graduated, for my Master's degree I studied changes in modern pteropod shells (size, thickness and porosity) collected from regions off the northwest and northeast coasts of Australia over a 45-year-period.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDNhHvPU78umZE7o_49lXbB7WZrNnf3PSh2Jh-foGTczveL21jRqIjFF36jiRcwVmDuNQ3Z1sG6FUnjXHT49lswd15i6WMkdmfYu2N3INJ37m40Acnzrs7NvhqAFfq0iDyeJTyd4-D_f0/s1600/australia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDNhHvPU78umZE7o_49lXbB7WZrNnf3PSh2Jh-foGTczveL21jRqIjFF36jiRcwVmDuNQ3Z1sG6FUnjXHT49lswd15i6WMkdmfYu2N3INJ37m40Acnzrs7NvhqAFfq0iDyeJTyd4-D_f0/s320/australia.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map of Australia showing my Master's sampling locations (Scott Reef, Rowley Shoals, Browse Island, North West Cape, Lizard Island, Whitsunday Islands, and Heron Island)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;">My research results suggested that pteropods off Northern Australia (tropical pteropods!) may have been influenced by changes in seawater chemistry over the past few decades, particularly a decrease in the availability of the carbonate ion that pteropods need to produce their aragonitic shells (i.e., a</span><span style="font-size: small;"> decline in the aragonite saturation state)</span><span style="font-size: small;">. While most pteropod studies concentrate on polar and sub-polar species I seem to be the 'odd-one' studying tropical pteropods. Pteropods are distributed circumglobally in all the world's oceans though and I strongly belive tropical pteropods should not be over-looked.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br />Soooo....<br /> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">What am I doing in the Northeast Pacific then?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">I met part of the OAPS team in 2011 at a zooplankton conference in Chile and our common interest in pteropods brought us together again when they invited me to join them on this research cruise. The team/lab (<a href="http://www.coralcoe.org.au/" target="_blank">ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies</a>) I am part of back in Australia focuses on calcification and concentrates on developing new analytical methods intended to improve the understanding of the impacts of global climate change on the marine environment. Most people in my lab work on corals and calcifying algae so, again, I am the 'odd-one' working on planktonic molluscs!</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrJIP-UNag2lEjz3bzWEPlc38dYawWiK68NEs7kw42UWOSKgDKbJGrVYj71ZwWqdkApeYBzZ6OxiaN23OGt3VjW0mRko0l1nUiPpbZyAOiMuj7q9-XDPrbAbpERy3AAKcpaMN9V8niZaU/s1600/SEM2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrJIP-UNag2lEjz3bzWEPlc38dYawWiK68NEs7kw42UWOSKgDKbJGrVYj71ZwWqdkApeYBzZ6OxiaN23OGt3VjW0mRko0l1nUiPpbZyAOiMuj7q9-XDPrbAbpERy3AAKcpaMN9V8niZaU/s320/SEM2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">High magnification images of pteropod shells made with a Scanning Electron Microscope. Top image is of a fracture along the surface of the shell of a specimen of <i>Creseis acicula</i> showing how the shell is made of two crossed lamellae (i.e., layers). Bottom image is of the dorsal surface of the shell of a <i>Diacavolinia longirostris </i>showing the ribbed growth-line patterns.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;">So, here I am, on the R/V New Horizon, collecting pteropods to study their calcification. Up until now, scientists have studied the dissolution of pteropod shells under different environmental conditions but the actual production of the shells (i.e., calcification) seems to have been a little neglected; I hope to shed some light on the topic...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Here are a few of the questions I am trying to answer:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: small;">What is the chemical composition of pteropod calcium carbonate shells? </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Do pteropods regulate the pH of the fluid they use to calcify their shells (internal or extra-cellular fluid)? </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">If so, do they up-regulate pH? Down-regulate? Or something else? </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">In terms of shell calcification, are there differences between species? Ocean basins? Polar vs tropical?</span></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQoNtyIw31LgmHQhEDWPOj3uO2ftbKiNgHXCTMNJtiYLnq8dRkuKPrork85XnrdB3icyuHgoUNHlPKgVUfssWsV-1EX-qxkJJFVjo5rWsMkvOcGAMYH9GFHmFpYAgfsk6MIlmtwiYK-Q0/s1600/2012_08_28_2639.CR2_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQoNtyIw31LgmHQhEDWPOj3uO2ftbKiNgHXCTMNJtiYLnq8dRkuKPrork85XnrdB3icyuHgoUNHlPKgVUfssWsV-1EX-qxkJJFVjo5rWsMkvOcGAMYH9GFHmFpYAgfsk6MIlmtwiYK-Q0/s320/2012_08_28_2639.CR2_sm.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A <i>Limacina helicina</i> shell, dried and ready for analysis back home. Photo L. Roger.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;">So far we have already caught abundant <i>Limacina helicina</i> </span><span style="font-size: small;">in our Reeve net </span><span style="font-size: small;">and I have preserved a number of them to analyze once I'm back home in Australia. On that note, I hope to get back to you later in the cruise with some answers and in the mean time we steam towards new horizons...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Liza Roger</span></div>
Dr. Gareth Lawsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07714852816733560944noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7891172683529991827.post-10993275844786904552012-08-28T20:48:00.000-04:002012-08-28T21:08:29.658-04:00Newport, Oregon: Rocky Intertidal<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
Hi, Amy and Leo here,</div>
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Since we had some due dates and timelines to meet, we had to
work the few days we had on land and stay in the vicinity of Newport, but we still
had some time to visit the beautiful and rich intertidal of the Oregon coast.</div>
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The Oregon coast is part of the <a href="http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/research/divisions/fed/oeip/db-coastal-upwelling-index.cfm">California-Oregon Upwelling System</a>,
driven by the California Current, which makes it one of the most productive areas
in the world. This high productivity supports a large and diverse amount of
fauna. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Currents bring deep water up to
the surface with a lot of nutrients and this lets phytoplankton (the food of
the sea) grow. With a lot of food around you get a lot of animal life too! The
downside of upwelling, particularly in the northern part of this system, is
that sometimes the deep water is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide. This
region is thus another system that seems to be particularly vulnerable to
climate change, but that question is for another day and another expedition. For
the meanwhile we were just enjoying the beauty of the system. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi93uf8inYHTBPBAFRYqwhLV_0czTIiJYWEnsSnUZFJ-DXIDXCn7mXOXCy_p44z2krdAQ6umfeyoZjEbBWD9sZ-x07ZPxzvDMHlRym2B3l4b-RP7HsJx-d_xWJwT6BkMxZYoOYpUzfJU2w/s1600/cliffs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi93uf8inYHTBPBAFRYqwhLV_0czTIiJYWEnsSnUZFJ-DXIDXCn7mXOXCy_p44z2krdAQ6umfeyoZjEbBWD9sZ-x07ZPxzvDMHlRym2B3l4b-RP7HsJx-d_xWJwT6BkMxZYoOYpUzfJU2w/s320/cliffs.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Yaquina Head cliffs and rocky shore.</span></td></tr>
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The high cliffs, on top of the rocky intertidal zones, are the habitat of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_ground_squirrel">California Ground Squirrel</a>. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeBKzF9wuvLoqV4E1BWKzUvmDXO58FJqXbwA4PSmj0PWZPzyhMPCNsBYscvfymslJrve8ihhRXspcZkKdvhaht1nJS3t4uyu51EiRfYha535P2KUuK-_EH5udNT-tZcqkitXLHCefUAmo/s1600/californiagroundsquirrel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeBKzF9wuvLoqV4E1BWKzUvmDXO58FJqXbwA4PSmj0PWZPzyhMPCNsBYscvfymslJrve8ihhRXspcZkKdvhaht1nJS3t4uyu51EiRfYha535P2KUuK-_EH5udNT-tZcqkitXLHCefUAmo/s320/californiagroundsquirrel.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">California Ground Squirrel warming up on the asphalt on the path to Quarry Cove, Yaquina Head. Photo: A. Maas</span></td></tr>
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From the top of the cliffs it is easy to spot <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_seal">Harbor Seals</a> resting on the rocks, and large colonies of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandt%27s_Cormorant">cormorants</a>.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghheK7aV-E1_DReCzJSp_hsozbECcWmDG6XHjCbEVVppasG7DY9tsmRtkhztcPTI6HM1QDDLzpuc1tFWjtt2PyCMP9hmsUQ3l9XGPnB-2uomNxQ41JI1SuG8jFWMifBWPivpNuGCmPEXc/s1600/harbor+seals.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghheK7aV-E1_DReCzJSp_hsozbECcWmDG6XHjCbEVVppasG7DY9tsmRtkhztcPTI6HM1QDDLzpuc1tFWjtt2PyCMP9hmsUQ3l9XGPnB-2uomNxQ41JI1SuG8jFWMifBWPivpNuGCmPEXc/s320/harbor+seals.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihHgRSYExjoN7OAQP1q8pR0G3LHfBYV0P_TOvO-NaaLbdWPZpxIuuSJLPLAGKw8qU1QvAfabVo-GUm6rjl0uN2CO-ChDmN-ukm871Yl-gPHn9yCSPi2VRtymz2aoWC-FTq2Bta1Qj7InY/s1600/cormorants.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihHgRSYExjoN7OAQP1q8pR0G3LHfBYV0P_TOvO-NaaLbdWPZpxIuuSJLPLAGKw8qU1QvAfabVo-GUm6rjl0uN2CO-ChDmN-ukm871Yl-gPHn9yCSPi2VRtymz2aoWC-FTq2Bta1Qj7InY/s320/cormorants.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Photos: A. Maas</span></td></tr>
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Diversity in rocky intertidal zones is particularly high due
to the small patches of different habitats we can find just within a few feet
from the water’s edge. From regions exposed to the waves fronts, dominated by gooseneck
barnacles, several species of acorn barnacles, and California mussels, you move
on to the more protected internal pools full of calcareous tubeworms, anemones,
limpets, chitons, seastars, sea-urchins and many others.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_t-jRn6OVceyokza4WPyr2YBg41ZFl3VKSv5fgGEK7wSSjdphaLQH3L4wy_JYJgHWpcEIgX7HoiAhXyzg0fBgDvCc1L5en-Sw2hrqvWHRSc4KB4MPJ6I4JG2ZdaMI_Sh49IZ0bZNC4AY/s1600/exposed+area.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_t-jRn6OVceyokza4WPyr2YBg41ZFl3VKSv5fgGEK7wSSjdphaLQH3L4wy_JYJgHWpcEIgX7HoiAhXyzg0fBgDvCc1L5en-Sw2hrqvWHRSc4KB4MPJ6I4JG2ZdaMI_Sh49IZ0bZNC4AY/s320/exposed+area.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Exposed to the wave action, the frontal areas are dominated by strongly adhered sessile fauna, like barnacles, mussels and gooseneck barnacles. Photo: A. Maas</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Depending on the amount of time that a particular pool is
exposed to the air between tides, there is variability in the range of temperature
and salinity levels (saltiness) that the animals experience. This creates a
range in the distribution of both fauna and algae depending on their tolerance
to drastic changes in their environmental conditions. This ranges from big
changes in the higher pools, that suffer more contrasting levels of temperature
and salinity, to the lower ones, were the conditions are more constant and are only
exposed to slight changes during strong tidal events.</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;"> </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj45uzMO54FzQWrhOU4-BBGujQLeWaDQpfNqeb08bLPsbfe-SgggJhJ68KHfupxlgoC59en0T9wOLrC1mVg1Y2oAQ4-QGG5tfe_NAu9BK-trAflYTRP-OarxIxE1MVsuwp-8bPNUxaORTY/s1600/capeperpetua.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj45uzMO54FzQWrhOU4-BBGujQLeWaDQpfNqeb08bLPsbfe-SgggJhJ68KHfupxlgoC59en0T9wOLrC1mVg1Y2oAQ4-QGG5tfe_NAu9BK-trAflYTRP-OarxIxE1MVsuwp-8bPNUxaORTY/s320/capeperpetua.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Intertidal rocky shore under Cape Perpetua. Upper pools are more protected from the mechanical stress of the waves, but they are exposed longer to the air temperature and evaporation, making them a highly variable environment. Lower pools are subject to less stress due to more constant temperature and salinity conditions. Photo: A. Maas</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKrOEUQFneQDGWEf7tuNw6GLVHVvopWAnBxlXpUWt6Iq-x0lWQ2ahQZcKYBzELAHBz-BikYk7Yhl32rEWG8NJ3OPifCt9p2YemT7MkSiyyP9WBwCdp92FZrQqEMOKr6brx1IsPRCZDSms/s1600/scorpionfish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKrOEUQFneQDGWEf7tuNw6GLVHVvopWAnBxlXpUWt6Iq-x0lWQ2ahQZcKYBzELAHBz-BikYk7Yhl32rEWG8NJ3OPifCt9p2YemT7MkSiyyP9WBwCdp92FZrQqEMOKr6brx1IsPRCZDSms/s320/scorpionfish.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Scorpion fish in a tidal pool in Quarry Cove, Yaquina Head. Photo: A. Maas</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3jro81LRWiJxMTIZFH8t_Nu2K9sBsJ6_x9C-7yUgMANgflck_b2cHlyGFmxILTu4_uB_kl6md6gVMya2T3HYqs7OnWQiioqtIsyoLAr2H2e8c4N-rQBbA1XYKG_3Rz-_6I1QxvVACsrs/s1600/SEAURCHIN.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3jro81LRWiJxMTIZFH8t_Nu2K9sBsJ6_x9C-7yUgMANgflck_b2cHlyGFmxILTu4_uB_kl6md6gVMya2T3HYqs7OnWQiioqtIsyoLAr2H2e8c4N-rQBbA1XYKG_3Rz-_6I1QxvVACsrs/s320/SEAURCHIN.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Purple sea urchins in a protected pool in the surroundings of Cape Perpetua. Photo: A. Maas</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFC-UfUbsgQ_O-ZQvkC16rqJyqjI-S0mzhoEDsJZj4D9zUM_7w12WOHMMFgZPddTf4cQCtCm8pfkMeKVZwZZ5-CD1RNcTkNc4B5ioxkyCqn2mg0b781s7S5N8EFTQzOAFxlCsw_QUWleQ/s1600/greenanemones.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFC-UfUbsgQ_O-ZQvkC16rqJyqjI-S0mzhoEDsJZj4D9zUM_7w12WOHMMFgZPddTf4cQCtCm8pfkMeKVZwZZ5-CD1RNcTkNc4B5ioxkyCqn2mg0b781s7S5N8EFTQzOAFxlCsw_QUWleQ/s320/greenanemones.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Green sea anemones near Cape Perpetua. These anemones have unicellular green algae living on their tissues in a symbiotic relationship. Photo: A. Maas</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjqI-VCiG_p2taLHas4JCfou1-rsnv2GcycjHp4EaCbwaP7nYD3MKgC-45iadA-8H9BkVVXeO07kyNXNDTBPcXnzErtga__J9qGPuHaLaY8nUpeBpJjqHYWPe67BgAnPpPYOX0F9840Ak/s1600/chiton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjqI-VCiG_p2taLHas4JCfou1-rsnv2GcycjHp4EaCbwaP7nYD3MKgC-45iadA-8H9BkVVXeO07kyNXNDTBPcXnzErtga__J9qGPuHaLaY8nUpeBpJjqHYWPe67BgAnPpPYOX0F9840Ak/s320/chiton.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Chiton on Yaquina Head. These mollusks have eight plates protecting their back. Photo: A. Maas</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJSfxCpArm0AulOltekZ1jo3TU80wigKlljT7Z36HgCbfwpkuXnuCHsbYitYzNNufCxhZciORxh-NZkaJMhp1YvuThtuoJ2VZL-tvE6yKjVvH255ZPkzavTO2Et0YMNfsB3KVa43opDU8/s1600/sealions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJSfxCpArm0AulOltekZ1jo3TU80wigKlljT7Z36HgCbfwpkuXnuCHsbYitYzNNufCxhZciORxh-NZkaJMhp1YvuThtuoJ2VZL-tvE6yKjVvH255ZPkzavTO2Et0YMNfsB3KVa43opDU8/s320/sealions.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">This rich area also has large colonies of sea lions. More comfortable with close interaction with humans than seals, sea lions have no problems occupying human-made structures like harbor jetties and piers or, like in this case, resting under a human-crowded tourist pier on the Newport Waterfront. Photo: A. Maas</span></td></tr>
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All of this diverse natural life supports a strong fishing community which, as a result, ended in some wonderful meals for us. In combination, the lovely views and good food make it a fantastic place to spend a few days. (Note: there are also some really nice espresso drive-throughs).</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZklE49ztBVWEHR1CpmxzoFzyn-jtzKAQNzcZFOx_bpb68g_kmCfgofLsmhWVtOsGf_TaMDXcTaN5YbOrNsk1SZM7Udn4uZ-KUYuXEqEkq6054xO2R5ACiqA3348Ty1aivf9_NzMcMZzY/s1600/us.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZklE49ztBVWEHR1CpmxzoFzyn-jtzKAQNzcZFOx_bpb68g_kmCfgofLsmhWVtOsGf_TaMDXcTaN5YbOrNsk1SZM7Udn4uZ-KUYuXEqEkq6054xO2R5ACiqA3348Ty1aivf9_NzMcMZzY/s320/us.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Amy and Leo at <span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cape Perpetua enjoying the windy clifside. Photo: L. Blanco-Bercial</span></td></tr>
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Dr. Amy Maashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00761306340276589499noreply@blogger.com2